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Contents

Acknowledgements

List of Abbreviations

Glossary of Kikuyu and Swahili Terms used in Text

Maps

Introduction

One: The Genesis of the Squatter Community, 1905–18

Land alienation among the Kikuyu

The Kikuyu expansionist dynamic

Factors behind Kikuyu migration

Early labour recruitment

The squatter system

Kaffir farming

Kikuyu migration to the Rift Valley

Squatter settlement patterns

Squatter accumulation: livestock

The paradox of a labour shortage: squatter self-perception

The other squatters

Notes

Two: Settlers and Squatters: Conflict of Interests 1918–37

The 1918 Resident Native Labourers Ordinance (RNLO)

Additional labour legislation

Settlers and squatter stock

Settler differences over squatter stock

‘Kifagio’

Squatter resistance

Squatter production in the inter-war years

The sanctity of the White Highlands versus squatter assertion: from squatters to wage labourers

Squatter insecurity

Squatters and litigation

Notes

Three: Social Organisation among Squatters

Elders’ councils (ciama)

Official opposition to the kiama

Circumcision

The struggle for education

KISA and Karinga schools

Self help among squatters: the quest for education

Kikuyu Private Schools Association

The missions

Notes

Four: The Crisis: Decline in Squatter Welfare 1938–48

The 1937 Resident Native Labourers Ordinance: provisions and implications

Olenguruone

The Olenguruone scheme

Resistance at Olenguruone

The Olenguruone oath

Notes

Five: Politics of Protest: Mau Mau

Post-war political mobilisation

KCA and KAU mobilisation

Militant politics among the squatters

The social basis of Mau Mau in the White Highlands

The rise of violence

Mau Mau food supplies: the women’s war

Mau Mau and the control of the Rift Valley

The return of Kikuyu squatters to the White Highlands

Notes

Six: The Post Mau Mau Period: The Independence Bargain and the Plight of the Squatters, 1955–63

The Kenya Land Freedom Army

Liberal European politics

Land and politics

The peasantisation of the White Highlands

Notes

Conclusion

List of Informants

Biographical Notes on Key Informants

Select Bibliography

Index