Читать книгу Estonian Cultural Heritage. Preservation and Conservation. 2005-2012 - Tallinn Culture And Herit Arts - Страница 5

In 2013, the National Heritage Board celebrates its 20^th anniversary. The current organisation of heritage conservation in Estonia is in many aspects very similar to the practice followed in other European countries, but there are also some differences. In 1993, when the drafting of the Heritage Conservation Act of the newly independent Estonia was started the organisation of heritage conservation of Nordic countries was followed as an example, on the other hand the current state of cultural heritage in Estonia and the existing experience in dealing with it was taken into account. Compared with the Act adopted in 1994 the Heritage Conservation Act of 2002 and the Heritage Conservation Act Amendment Act adopted in 2011 established substantial changes to the organisation of heritage conservation.

Today, monuments and heritage conservation areas are under the supervision of the National Heritage Board acting under the administration of the Ministry of Culture. The Board has representations in all 15 counties of Estonia. The main function of the Board is to organise heritage conservation work, to exercise state supervision over monuments and heritage conservation areas, to maintain the national register of cultural monuments and to deal with issues related to transport, export and import of cultural objects.

In addition to the above mentioned tasks several expert panels and committees are established within the Board to offer professional advice in complex situations. Each expert panel and committee consists of specialists in specific fields related to heritage. There are a total of five panels of experts specialising in architectural monuments, archaeological monuments, historical natural sanctuaries, landscape architecture and artistic monuments plus an expert committee on musical instruments.

According to law local governments (either rural municipalities or city governments) may perform duties of heritage conservation in addition to the National Heritage Board. In order to do that a relevant agreement must be concluded between the National Heritage Board and the relevant local government. Currently there are five local governments in Estonia – Haapsalu, Narva, Pärnu, Tallinn and Tartu – performing heritage conservation duties on the basis of such agreements.

The term “monument” that is used frequently in the context of heritage protection means an object with a high historic or cultural value. A monument is a movable or immovable or a part thereof, a body of things or an integral group of structures under state protection which is of historical, archaeological, ethnographic, urban developmental, architectural, artistic or scientific value or of value in terms of religious history or of other cultural value. Monuments can be classified as archaeological, architectural, artistic, technical, industrial and historical. The National Heritage Board is focused mainly on immovable monuments. The following objects are considered to be immovable monuments: the sites of prehistoric, medieval and modern settlements, fortresses, refuges, places of worship, burial grounds, ancient fields, roads, bridges, harbour sites, underwater structures and sites related to early industry. This list also includes civil, industrial, defence and ecclesiastical buildings, and their ensembles and complexes, which have artistic value or value in terms of cultural history, as well as structures reflecting the development of science, technology and production, works of monumental art, structures, memorials, cemeteries and natural features of historical value. Currently there are a total of 26,578 monuments, including 5,253 architectural monuments, 6,622 archaeological monuments, 1,264 historical monuments and 13,516 artistic monuments.

In order to ensure the observability of an immovable monument and heritage conservation area, including the preservation of long-distance views and visibility of silhouette, and the preservation of constructional elements of cultural value of the surrounding area in the context of space a buffer zone is established around them.

The National Heritage Board can place objects of cultural value under temporary protection in order to determine the need to designate the things as monuments. An object may be placed under temporary protection for up to six months after which a decision is made whether the object shall be placed under permanent protection or not. The designation of an object as a monument and the revocation of its designation as a monument is a long process which includes negotiations with the owner of the object, the local government of the location of the object and assessment evaluations by experts. The Minister of Culture makes the decision as whether to designate the object as a monument or not on the basis of the outcome of such negotiations and taking into account the assessments compiled by experts and a proposal from the Heritage Conservation Advisory Panel acting under the Ministry of Culture.

Monument sign. Photos by Mari Loit

Disc pendant, 13^th c.

Western gateway of the Varbola stronghold. Photo by Karen Klandorf

Atla-Eeru inn, 19^th c. Photo by Kaisa Milsaar

St Maurice's Church in Haljala, 15^th c. Photo by Peeter Säre

Organ of the St John’s Church in Suure-Jaani. Photo by Ülle Jukk

Narrow gauge steam locomotive in Pärnu. Photo by Karin Vimberg

Konuvere bridge. Photo by Karen Klandorf

Data relating to monuments is entered in the national registry of cultural monuments. All objects currently under state protection as monuments of cultural value are registered in the national registry of cultural monuments. The registry is continuosly up-dated and renewed. It is available for everybody through Internet (http://register.muinas.ee/) allowing the quick determination whether any object is under heritage conservation protection or not. The registry also includes essential information about the history and status of an object designated as a monument.

The National Heritage Board provides all owners of monuments with a document called a protection obligation notice. This notice includes the data relating to the core values of the monument, information on who and when designated the object as a monument and what are the restrictions established on the monument. The owner of a monument is liable for its preservation. Certain activities affecting monuments, including conservation and restoration can only be carried out under the coordination of the National Heritage Board. An owner or possessor of a monument or structure located on heritage conservation area may apply for support from the state budget, or from a rural municipality or city budget, to maintain the monument or structure located on heritage conservation area, conserve or restore the monument or create the optimum conditions for its preservation.

One of the objectives of heritage conservation is to introduce it to the general public, therefore, owners of monuments must, on certain conditions, ensure public access to the monument. In order to inform the public, as well as owners, it is important to mark, for example, architectural monuments with a circular sign specifying that the object is actually a monument of cultural heri-tage. Archaeological monuments are marked with the sign “Archaeological monument” fixed to a plastic pole. As to movable monuments and underwater monuments it has to be decided separately for each one whether their marking is possible and how to do it without damaging the monument too much. Since 2012, monuments have been also marked with a QR code that allows the interested parties an immediate search of information on the monument through Internet. Just like the damage to, or removal of, a monument, the damage to, or removal of, a monument sign is forbidden and punishable.

Another important domain of cultural heritage is the heritage conservation areas which include historical settlements, parts thereof and sites of cultural value which have developed under the joint influence of natural phenomena and human activities. Heritage conservation areas are designated on the proposal of the Minister of Culture by the Government of the Republic. Before designation as a heritage conservation area the National Heritage Board asks the opinion of the local government council concerning the draft statutes of a heritage conservation area and organises the public display of the draft statutes of a heritage conservation area in the local rural municipality or city council. It is also notified in advance on the National Heritage Board webpage and at least in one national daily newspaper and in a local newspaper. Estonia has 12 heritage conservation areas which are located in towns such as Haapsalu, Lihula, Kuressaare, Paide, Pärnu, Rakvere, Tallinn, Tartu, Valga, Viljandi and Võru. There is one very unique heritage conservation area located in North Estonia in Rebala where the historical settlement structure and ancient land use patterns are protected.

This short overview cannot cover all subjects related to the organisation of heritage conservation in Estonia and, therefore, topics such as underwater monuments, activity licences, findings of cultural value, their search and many others were not introduced here. The main objective of this brief introduction is to explain some of the most important terms that may come up when trying to get acquainted with the activities of the National Heritage Board.

Kalev Uustalu is the Director-General of the National Heritage Board