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Lifespan Development

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Страница 1Страница 2Страница 3Страница 4Страница 5 Brief Contents Detailed Contents Preface Contextual Perspective Emphasis on Application Current Research Accessible Writing Style Organization Pedagogy Learning Objectives and Summaries Critical Thinking Supplements Original Video For Instructors For Students What’s New in Lifespan Development: Lives in Context, Second Edition? Chapter 1 Chapter 2 Chapter 3 Chapter 4 Chapter 5 Chapter 6 Chapter 7 Chapter 8 Chapter 9 Chapter 10 Chapter 11 Chapter 12 Chapter 13 Chapter 14 Chapter 15 Chapter 16 Chapter 17 Chapter 18 New Chapter 19 Acknowledgments About the Author Part I Foundations of Lifespan Human Development 1 Understanding Human Development: Approaches and Theories Learning Objectives What is Lifespan Human Development? Development Is Multidimensional Development Is Multidirectional Development Is Plastic Development Is Influenced by Multiple Contexts Cultural Influences on Development Defining Culture What Do You Think? Developmental Science Is Multidisciplinary Thinking in Context 1.1 Basic Issues in Lifespan Human Development Continuities and Discontinuities in Development Individuals Are Active in Development Nature and Nurture Influence Development Thinking in Context 1.2 Theoretical Perspectives on Human Development Psychoanalytic Theories Freud’s Psychosexual Theory Erikson’s Psychosocial Theory Behaviorist and Social Learning Theories Classical Conditioning Operant Conditioning Social Learning Theory Cognitive Theories Piaget’s Cognitive-Developmental Theory Information Processing Theory Contextual Theories Vygotsky’s Sociocultural Theory Bronfenbrenner’s Bioecological Systems Theory Lives in Context Sociohistorical Influences on Development What Do You Think? Ethology and Evolutionary Developmental Theory Thinking in Context 1.3 Research in Human Development The Scientific Method Methods of Data Collection Observational Measures Self-Report Measures Physiological Measures Research Designs Case Study Correlational Research Experimental Research Brain and Biological Influences on Development Methods of Studying the Brain What Do You Think? Developmental Research Designs Cross-Sectional Research Design Longitudinal Research Design Sequential Research Designs Thinking in Context 1.4 Research Ethics Applying Developmental Science The Real-World Significance of Developmental Research What Do You Think? Thinking in Context 1.5 Apply Your Knowledge Descriptions of Images and Figures 2 Biological and Environmental Foundations Learning Objectives Genetic Foundations of Development Genetics Cell Reproduction Sex Determination Genes Shared by Twins Applying Developmental Science Prenatal Sex Selection What Do You Think? Patterns of Genetic Inheritance Dominant–Recessive Inheritance Incomplete Dominance Polygenic Inheritance Genomic Imprinting Thinking in Context 2.1 Chromosomal and Genetic Problems Genetic Disorders Dominant–Recessive Disorders X-Linked Disorders Chromosomal Abnormalities Mutation Lives in Context Genes as Protective Factors in Development What Do You Think? Thinking in Context 2.2 Reproductive Choices Genetic Counseling Reproductive Technology Adoption Cultural Influences on Development Internationally Adopted Children What Do You Think? Prenatal Diagnosis Prenatal Treatment of Genetic Disorders Thinking in Context 2.3 Heredity and Environment Behavioral Genetics Methods of Behavioral Genetics Genetic Influences on Personal Characteristics Gene–Environment Interactions Range of Reaction Canalization Gene–Environment Correlations Epigenetic Influences on Development Applying Developmental Science Altering the Epigenome What Do You Think? Thinking in Context 2.4 Apply Your Knowledge Descriptions of Images and Figures 3 The Prenatal Period, Birth, and the Newborn Learning Objectives Prenatal Development Conception Germinal Period (0 to 2 Weeks) Embryonic Period (3 to 8 Weeks) Fetal Period (9 Weeks to Birth) Second Trimester (14 to 26 Weeks) Third Trimester (27 to 40 Weeks; Seventh, Eighth, Ninth Months) Contextual and Cultural Influences on Prenatal Care Brain and Biological Influences on Development Pregnancy and the Maternal Brain What Do You Think? Thinking in Context 3.1 Environmental Influences on Prenatal Development Principles of Teratology Types of Teratogens Prescription and Nonprescription Drugs Alcohol Cigarette Smoking Marijuana Cocaine and Heroin Applying Developmental Science Maternal Drug Use While Pregnant What Do You Think? Maternal Illness Environmental Hazards Parental Characteristics and Behaviors Nutrition Emotional well-being Maternal age Thinking in Context 3.2 Childbirth Labor Medication During Delivery Cesarean Delivery Cultural Influences on Development Cultural Differences in Childbirth What Do You Think? Natural Childbirth Home Birth Thinking in Context 3.3 The Newborn Medical and Behavioral Assessment of Newborns The Newborn’s Perceptual Capacities Newborn States of Arousal Low-Birthweight Infants: Preterm and Small-for-Date Babies Lives in Context HIV Infection in Newborns What Do You Think? Thinking in Context 3.4 Apply Your Knowledge Descriptions of Images and Figures Part II Infancy and Toddlerhood 4 Physical Development in Infancy and Toddlerhood Learning Objectives Body Growth and Nutrition in Infants and Toddlers Growth Norms Breastfeeding Solid Food Malnutrition Failure to Thrive Applying Developmental Science Vaccination What Do You Think? Thinking in Context 4.1 Brain Development During Infancy and Toddlerhood Processes of Neural Development The Cerebral Cortex Experience and Brain Development Sleep and Brain Development Cultural Influences on Development Co-Sleeping What Do You Think? Thinking in Context 4.2 Early Learning Capacities Habituation Classical Conditioning Operant Conditioning Imitation Thinking in Context 4.3 Sensation and Perception During Infancy and Toddlerhood Vision Hearing Touch Smell and Taste Lives in Context Pain and Neonatal Circumcision What Do You Think? Intermodal Perception Thinking in Context 4.4 Motor Development During Infancy and Toddlerhood Gross Motor Development Fine Motor Development Biological and Contextual Determinants of Motor Development Biological Influences on Motor Development Brain and Biological Influences on Development Hand Preference and Language Development in Infancy What Do You Think? Contextual Influences on Motor Development Motor Development as a Dynamic System Thinking in Context 4.5 Apply Your Knowledge Descriptions of Images and Figures 5 Cognitive Development in Infancy and Toddlerhood Learning Objectives Piaget’s Cognitive-Developmental Theory Processes of Development Sensorimotor Substages Substage 1: Reflexes (Birth to 1 Month) Substage 2: Primary Circular Reactions (1 to 4 Months) Substage 3: Secondary Circular Reactions (4 to 8 Months) Substage 4: Coordination of Secondary Circular Reactions (8 to 12 Months) Stage 5: Tertiary Circular Reactions (12 to 18 Months) Substage 6: Mental Representation (18 to 24 Months) Evaluating Sensorimotor Reasoning Violation-of-Expectation Tasks A-Not-B Tasks Deferred Imitation Tasks Core Knowledge Theory: An Alternative Perspective Lives in Context Baby Videos and Infant Learning What Do You Think? Thinking in Context 5.1 Information Processing Theory Organization of the Information Processing System Attention Memory Infants’ Thinking Applying Developmental Science Baby Signing What Do You Think? Thinking in Context 5.2 Individual Differences in Infant Intelligence Testing Approach to Intelligence Intelligence as Information Processing Brain and Biological Influences on Development Poverty and Development What Do You Think? Thinking in Context 5.3 Language Development in Infancy and Toddlerhood Early Preferences for Speech Sounds Prelinguistic Communication First Words Learning Words: Semantic Growth Two-Word Utterances Theories of Language Development Learning Theory and Language Development Nativist Theory and Language Development Interactionist Perspective on Language Development Biological Contributions to Language Development Contextual Contributions to Language Development Cultural Influences on Development Culture and Language Development in Infancy What Do You Think? Thinking in Context 5.4 Apply Your Knowledge Descriptions of Images and Figures 6 Socioemotional Development in Infancy and Toddlerhood Learning Objectives Psychosocial Development in Infancy and Toddlerhood Trust Versus Mistrust Autonomy Versus Shame and Doubt Cultural Influences on Development Father–Infant Interactions What Do You Think? Thinking in Context 6.1 Emotional Development in Infancy and Toddlerhood Infants’ Emotional Experience Basic Emotions Self-Conscious Emotions Emotion Regulation Social Interaction and Emotional Development Parental Interaction Social Referencing Cultural Influences on Emotional Development Emotional Display Rules Stranger Wariness Lives in Context Maternal Depression and Emotional Development What Do You Think? Thinking in Context 6.2 Temperament in Infancy and Toddlerhood Styles of Temperament Context and Goodness of Fit Brain and Biological Influences on Development Trauma and Emotional Development Cultural Differences in Temperament Thinking in Context 6.3 Attachment in Infancy and Toddlerhood Bowlby’s Ethological Perspective on Attachment Infants’ Signals and Adults’ Responses Phases of Attachment Secure Base, Separation Anxiety, and Internal Working Models Ainsworth’s Strange Situation and Attachment Classifications Attachment-Related Outcomes Influences on Attachment Stability of Attachment Applying Developmental Science Infant Child Care What Do You Think? Cultural Variations in Attachment Classifications Thinking in Context 6.4 The Self in Infancy and Toddlerhood Self-Awareness Self-Recognition Emerging Self-Concept Self-Control Thinking in Context 6.5 Apply Your Knowledge Descriptions of Images and Figures Part III Early Childhood 7 Physical and Cognitive Development in Early Childhood Learning Objectives Physical Development in Early Childhood Growth Nutrition Lives in Context Picky Eating What Do You Think? Brain Development Motor Development Gross Motor Skills Fine Motor Skills Thinking in Context 7.1 Cognitive-Developmental and Sociocultural Reasoning in Early Childhood Piaget’s Cognitive-Developmental Theory: Preoperational Reasoning Characteristics of Preoperational Reasoning Egocentrism Animism Centration Irreversibility Evaluating Preoperational Reasoning Research Findings on Egocentrism and Animism Research Findings on Reversibility and the Appearance–Reality Distinction Vygotsky’s Sociocultural Theory Guided Participation and Scaffolding Zone of Proximal Development Evaluating Vygotsky’s Sociocultural Theory Thinking in Context 7.2 Information Processing in Early Childhood Attention Working Memory and Executive Function Long-Term Memory Memory for Information Memory for Scripts Autobiographical Memory Applying Developmental Science Children’s Suggestibility What Do You Think? Theory of Mind False Belief Context and Theory of Mind Metacognition Thinking in Context 7.3 Language Development in Early Childhood Vocabulary Early Grammar Private Speech Thinking in Context 7.4 Moral Development in Early Childhood Social Learning Theory Cognitive-Developmental Theory Heteronomous Morality Preconventional Reasoning Conceptions of Moral, Social, and Personal Issues Cultural Influences on Development Culture and Theory of Mind What Do You Think? Thinking in Context 7.5 Early Childhood Education Child-Centered and Academically Centered Preschool Programs Brain and Biological Influences on Development Brain-Based Education What Do You Think? Early Childhood Education Interventions Thinking in Context 7.6 Apply Your Knowledge Descriptions of Images and Figures 8 Socioemotional Development in Early Childhood Learning Objectives Emerging Sense of Self Psychosocial Development in Early Childhood Cultural Influences on Development Children’s Participation in Household Work What Do You Think? Self-Concept Self-Esteem Thinking in Context 8.1 Emotional Development in Early Chlidhood Emotional Understanding Emotion Regulation Empathy and Prosocial Behavior Brain and Biological Influences on Development Sleep and Emotional Regulation in Young Children {buyButton}

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