Читать книгу Lifespan Development - Tara L. Kuther - Страница 226

Smell and taste receptors functional in the fetus and preferences are well developed at birth (Bloomfield, Alexander, Muelbert, & Beker, 2017). Just hours after birth, newborns display facial expressions signifying disgust in response to odors of ammonia, fish, and other scents that adults find offensive (Steiner, 1979). Within the first days of life, newborns detect and recognize their mother’s odor (Macfarlane, 1975; Porter, Varendi, Christensson, Porter, & Winberg, 1998; Schaal et al., 1980). Infants are calmed by their mother’s scent. Newborns who smelled their mother’s odor displayed less agitation during a heel-stick test and cried less afterward than infants presented with unfamiliar odors (Rattaz, Goubet, & Bullinger, 2005). Familiar scents are reinforcing and can reduce stress responses in infants (Goubet, Strasbaugh, & Chesney, 2007; Nishitani et al., 2009; Schaal, 2017).