Читать книгу Lifespan Development - Tara L. Kuther - Страница 242

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As a newborn, the head is one fourth of the whole body. At 2 years, the head is slightly smaller in relation to the body. At 6 years, the head is about one fifth of the body. At 12 years, the head is a little more than one fifth of the body. At 25 years, the head is one sixth of the body.

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The outermost layer of the brain is the cerebral cortex. It is composed of folded gray matter and is divided into four lobes: (1) the frontal lobe, located at the front of the brain; (2) the parietal lobe, located in the middle section of the brain; (3) the temporal lobe, located in the bottom section of the brain; and (4) the occipital lobe, located at the back of the brain.

Key structures noted on the illustration include the corpus callosum, found in the middle section of the brain, and the thalamus, hypothalamus, amygdala, and hippocampus, located near the base of the brain. At the back of the brain is the cerebellum.

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Set 1: pair of stars.

1-month-old: The bottom-most portion of the star has been marked heavily with a pen or marker.

2-month-old: Most of the shape has been marked heavily with a pen or a marker, with only a few of the other edges still visible.

Set 2: pair of faces.

1-month-old: It is noted that infants first look at the chin, scan up toward the eyes, and then scan toward the top of the head. There is some back-and-forth scanning between the eyes and top of head. Infants tend to finish scanning at the top of the head.

2-month-old: It is noted that infants first look toward the top of the person’s head. They then move to the eyes and frequently scan back and forth between the eyes, mouth, and top of head. At the end of their visual scanning, they are typically focused on the eyes.

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The illustration shows a glass box with a checker pattern on half of the top pane of glass. The other side of the box has a checker pattern on the bottom, creating the illusion of a cliff. An infant is placed on top of the top checker pattern. An adult stands on the opposite side, calling for the baby. The baby would have to cross the portion of the top pane of glass with no checker pattern to reach the adult.

Next to this illustration is a photo of a crawling baby on such a visual cliff apparatus. The baby is on the patterned part of the box, and an adult calls to the baby.

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Rates are highest in the Midwest, followed by the Northeast, South, and then West. Rates in 1979 ranged from 55% to about 75% for all four regions. By 2010, however, rates were notably lower in the West, averaging about 40% compared with 56% to 67% in the other three regions.

Approximate rates by year are listed for each region.

Midwest:

1979: 75%

1985: 70%

1990: 75%

1995: 80%

2000: 80%

2005: 78%

2010: 70%

Northeast:

1979: 65%

1985: 65%

1990: 63%

1995: 68%

2000: 65%

2005: 67%

2010: 66%

South:

1979: 55%

1985: 55%

1990: 57%

1995: 66%

2000: 65%

2005: 60%

2010: 59%

West:

1979: 65%

1985: 49%

1990: 43%

1995: 43%

2000: 38%

2005: 33%

2010: 40%

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Top photo: An infant lies in a crib with arms outstretched toward a mobile overhead. Middle photo: A baby on the floor stretches forward to reach a toy. Bottom photo: A toddler holding a soccer ball walks down a park path. The three photos as a whole are labeled Behavior.

Near the top left of the encompassing circle is the label Maturation (biological, cognitive, and psychosocial). Near the top right is the label Contextual (supports and challenges). The two labels are connected by a double-headed arrow.

At the bottom of the circle is the label Goals and understanding. It is connected to the two other labels by double-headed arrows.