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Tara L. Kuther

iStock/Dushyant Kumar Thakur

“I’m not a baby anymore. I use my words to do things,” 4-year-old Daniel explained to his grandmother. His mother agreed. “Daniel is good at expressing his wants and needs. He doesn’t cry as easily as he did when he was younger. My baby is quickly growing into a big boy.” Early childhood is a time of transition from the dependence of infancy and toddlerhood to the increasing capacities for autonomy and emotional regulation characteristic of childhood. How do young children learn to understand and control their emotions? Do they experience the same complex emotions that older children and adolescents experience? What is the role of parents in children’s emotional and social development? What is the function of play in development? In this chapter, we explore children’s experience and understanding of their social and emotional world and how socioemotional development changes over the early childhood years.