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During the third sensorimotor substage, as infants’ awareness extends further, they engage in secondary circular reactions, repetitions of actions that trigger responses in the external environment. Now the patterns of repetition are oriented toward making interesting events occur in the infant’s environment. For example, the infant shakes a rattle to hear its noise or kicks his legs to move a mobile hanging over the crib. Secondary circular reactions indicate that infants’ attention has expanded to include the environment outside their bodies and that they are beginning to understand that their actions cause results in the external world. In this way, infants discover new ways of interacting with their environments to continue experiencing sensations and events that they find pleasing.

During the fourth substage (8 to 12 months), infants demonstrate object permanence, the understanding that objects exist outside of sensory awareness.

Doug Goodman/Science Source