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ОглавлениеPART ONE
The Basics
Pronouncing Indonesian Correctly
To learn to pronounce the language correctly, listen carefully to the CD accompanying this book, or to native speakers of Indonesian. Try to imitate their pronunciation as accurately as you can. Be aware, however, that there are many dialectical variations in Indonesian, some producing very strong accents. As a rule, stress is generally placed on the penultimate syllable.
Unlike English, the spelling of Indonesian is consistently phonetic. The pronunciation is similar to Spanish or Italian.
1.01
Consonants
Most are pronounced roughly as in English. The main exceptions are as follows:
c is pronounced ch (formerly spelled “tj”)
| cari to look for, to seek | cinta to love |
g is always hard, as in “girl”:
| guna to use | gila crazy |
h is very soft, and often not pronounced at all at the beginning and end of words or two different vowels:
| habis abis finished | hidup idup to live |
| sudah suda already | mudah muda easy |
| lihat liat to see | tahu tau to know |
kh is found in words of Arabic derivation, and sounds like the ch in the Scottish word “loch”:
| khusus special | akhir end |
ng is always soft, as in “hanger”:
| dengar to hear | hilang lost |
ngg is always hard, as in “hunger”:
| ganggu to bother | mangga mango |
r is trilled or rolled, as in Spanish:
| ratus hundred | baru new |
Vowels
There are six vowels (a, e, é, i, o, u) and two diphthongs (ai, au):
a is short, like the a in “father”:
| satu one | bayar to pay |
e is usually unaccented (shwa), like the u in “but”:
| empat four | beli to buy |
But occasionally, é sounds like the é in “passé”:
| désa village | cabé chili pepper |
This book denotes this sound with an accent (´); however, this is not used in standard written Indonesian.
i is like the ea in “bean”:
| tiga three | lima five |
o is as in “so”:
| bodoh stupid | boléh may |
u is like the u in “humor”:
| tujuh seven | untuk for |
ai is pronounced like the word “eye”:
| pantai beach | sampai to reach |
au is like the ow in “how”:
| atau or | pulau island |
Notes:
Under the influence of Javanese, final ai is often pronounced like é in “passé”:
sampai sampé to reach
Similarly, final au often becomes o:
hijau hijo green
Under the influence of the Jakarta dialect, final syllable a between consonants often becomes a short e (shwa):
pintar pinter smart
benar bener true, correct
malas males lazy
1.02
Greetings
When greeting and taking leave of one another, Indonesians shake hands lightly (not firmly, the way Americans do). Muslims touch the right hand to their heart afterwards as a gesture of goodwill. (Never use the left hand to greet or touch someone.) Kissing, hugging or other physical greetings are rarely practiced in public.
Selamat is a word used in most Indonesian greetings. It comes from the Arabic salam, meaning “peace, safety or salvation”. By itself, the exclamation Selamat! means “Congratulations!” Like English “good,” it is followed by the time of day and other words to form most common greetings:
| Selamat datang | Welcome (datang = to come) |
| Selamat pagi | Good morning (pagi = morning, until 11 am) |
| Selamat siang | Good day (siang = midday, from 11 am to 3 pm) |
| Selamat soré | Good afternoon (soré = late afternoon, 3 pm to nightfall) |
| Selamat malam | Good evening (malam = night, after dark) |
| Selamat tidur | Good night (tidur = to sleep) |
Apa kabar is another common greeting which literally means “What news?” (apa = what, kabar = news), or in other words “How are you?” The standard answer is “Kabar baik,” meaning “I’m fine” (baik = well, fine).
You will also find yourself greeted with the following questions, even by complete strangers:
| Mau ke mana? (lit: Want-to-where?) | Where are you going? |
| Dari mana? (lit: From-where?) | Where are you [coming] from? |
This is said out of curiosity, and the person is usually not all that interested where you are actually going or coming from. This is just another way of saying “Hello!”
You may answer:
| Dari [+ place] | From [+ place] |
| Saya mau ke [+ place] | I am going to [+ place] |
| Jalan-jalan saja. (lit: Walk-walk-only.) | Just going for a walk. |
| Tidak ke mana-mana. (lit: Not-to-where-where.) | Not anywhere in particular. |
When taking leave of someone, it is polite to excuse oneself by saying:
| Mari. Saya pergi dulu. (lit: Let’s. I-go-first.) | I am going now.(= Goodbye for now!) |
| Sampai jumpa lagi. (lit: Until-meet-again.) | See you again. |
More informally, you can also say:
| Da! or Bye! | Goodbye (so long!) |
Note: Da! comes from the Dutch dag meaning “day” (also used as a farewell). Bye is from English.
If you are the one staying behind, you respond by saying:
| Selamat jalan. (lit: Safe-journey.) | “Bon voyage” |
1.03
Forms of Address
As in any language, there are many ways of addressing someone in Indonesian. Because Indonesians have a strong sense of social hierarchy, these forms of address often carry with them certain class and other distinctions. It is important therefore to use the appropriate term. Some forms of address are quite “safe” or “neutral” in this regard, and may be used in a wide variety of situations; these are the ones that should be learned first and used most often.
Bapak or pak (literally: “father”) is the most common way of addressing an adult male in Indonesian. It is used very much like “Mr.” or “sir” in English. Bapak is always used when addressing older men, and may also be used to address a contemporary or a younger man (although other forms may be used in this case as well, see below).
Ibu or bu (literally: “mother”) is similarly used to address all women, particularly older, married women.
Note: Bapak and ibu are often used followed by the person’s first name, meaning Mr. or Mrs. So-and-so. This is quite universal throughout Indonesia, and you can almost never go wrong addressing someone in this way (except when you are much older than the person you are addressing).
Anda is a term of fairly recent coinage, intended to mean “you” in a neutral way. It is also considered to be rather formal and is likewise used among educated adults who meet for the first time (also in television commercials, etc.).
Kamu and engkau are pronouns that both mean “you” in a familiar sense (equivalent to Du in German or tu in French). They are used in informal situations to address close friends, children or social inferiors, but should not generally be used as a substitute for English “you.” Once you get to know someone well, you can use their name or the form kamu (“you”). Generally speaking, personal pronouns such as “you” equivalents can be left out in colloquial Indonesian.
Tuan (“sir”), nyonya (“madam”), and nona (“miss”) are forms that Indonesians may use to address you. Tuan means “master” and was used to address aristocrats and Europeans during colonial times. Nyonya and nona are borrowed from the Portuguese. As a foreign visitor, you may only ever hear these used for you—you will not need to use them yourself.
Om (“Uncle”) and Tante (“Aunt”) are borrowed from Dutch and are used to address older men or women, especially if they are not blood relations.
Mas literally means “older brother” in Javanese, and is a polite form of address for a contemporary or a younger person. It is commonly used in Java to address a waiter, porter or pedicab (bécak) driver, and hence can have the connotation of addressing a social inferior. When in doubt it is better to stick with Pak. Bang can be used in Jakarta or Sumatra.
Mbak (Kak in Sumatra) is similarly used in Java to summon a waitress or a shopgirl.
Summary
To be on the safe side, always use bapak and ibu when addressing adults whom you are meeting for the first time (anda may also be used by younger people to address their peers). Once you get to know someone better, use bapak or ibu followed by the person’s first name, or (if you are roughly the same age) simply the first name alone.
The following is a brief dialogue between a foreigner (F) and an Indonesian (I) who works in a hotel.
| I: Selamat pagi! | Good morning. |
| F: Selamat pagi! | Good morning, pak. |
| I: Mau ke mana? | Where are you going? |
| F: Saya mau ke restoran. | I’m going to the restaurant. |
1.04
Pronouns
On the whole, Indonesians do not use the word “you” as we do in English. First names (often preceded by kinship terms like Pak) may be used, or the context may make it obvious.
| singular | plural | |
| 1st person | I saya, aku | we kita, kami |
| 2nd person | you anda, kamu, engkau bapak, ibu | you all kalian, sekalian, anda sekalian |
| 3rd person | he, she, it dia | they meréka |
Note: Indonesian pronouns do not distinguish gender. Thus dia may mean “he, she,” or “it.”
1st person (singular): I saya, aku
The pronoun saya originally meant “your slave” but now generally means “I.” Aku also means “I” but is used in more informal circumstances, as are the Jakarta slang forms gua and gué (which derive from Hokkien Chinese). Note that words for “I” are often omitted because this is understood.
1st person (plural): we kita, kami
Kami means “we” or “us” but formally excludes the person or persons being addressed, whereas kita includes the person or persons you are speaking to. In everyday speech, kita is in fact used in both contexts and you may generally use this form to translate English “we.”
2nd person (singular): you
anda, kamu, engkau, bapak, ibu
As a sign of respect, especiallly to elders, use bapak or ibu. In informal circumstances, the first name alone may also be used. If the person being addressed is about the same age as yourself, use anda or their first name. Kamu or engkau may be used for children or if you know the person well.
2nd person (plural): you all kalian, sekalian, anda sekalian
3rd person (singular): he, she, it dia
For animate objects and persons use dia. The word beliau is also used in formal circumstances to refer to a person of very high status who is not present. For inanimate things, use ini (this) or itu (that), to mean “it.”
3rd person (plural): they meréka
1.05
Basic Vocabulary
The following are essential words for basic “survival” Indonesian. We suggest that you make a set of flashcards to help yourself learn them quickly.
| tidak no, not | ya yes |
| ada to have, there is | mau to want; going to |
| bisa can | lihat to see |
| datang to arrive | dari from |
| pergi to go, to leave | ke to, toward |
| jalan to walk, to travel; street | di in, at |
| sini here | sana there |
| dalam in | luar out |
| makan to eat | minum to drink |
| beli to buy | jual to sell |
| harga price | bayar to pay |
| mahal expensive | murah cheap |
| lagi again, more | uang money |
| cukup enough | sekarang now |
| terlalu too | semua all |
| banyak much, many | sedikit few, little |
| lebih greater, more | kurang fewer, less |
| habis gone, finished | masih still |
| jauh far | dekat near |
| hari day | malam night |
| pagi morning | siang day, afternoon |
| hotél hotel | (11 am – 3 pm) |
| bagus good (of objects) | mobil car |
| baik good (of qualities) | jelék bad |
| besar big | kecil small |
| sudah already | belum not yet |
1.06
Questions
As in English, interrogative words and phrases are used to form questions:
| Apa? | What? |
| Apa ini? | What is this? |
| Siapa? | Who? |
| Kalau…? | What about…? |
| Kapan? | When? |
| Kenapa? | Why? Pardon? |
| Di mana? | Where? |
| Bagaimana? | How? |
| (Yang) mana? | Which one? |
| Kemana? | To where? |
| Dari mana? | From where? |
Kapan datang di sini? When did you arrive here?
(lit: When-arrive-at-here?)
Dari mana? Where are you from?
(lit: From-where?)
Siapa namanya? What is your (his, her) name?
(lit: Who-the name?)
Bagaimana saya bisa…? How can I…?
(lit: How-I-can-…?)
Kenapa tidak bisa…? Why can’t I…?
(lit: Why-not-can-…?)
Mau ke mana? Where are you going?
(lit: Want-to-where?)
Kalau ini bagaimana? What about this one?
(lit: If-this-how?)
Di mana…? Where is…?
(lit: At-where-…?)
Dimana kamar kecil/W.C.? Where is the restroom/WC?
(lit: At-where-small room/toilet?)
Note: WC is pronounced “way-say”: pria = men’s; wanita = ladies’
The above question words do not always have to be used in order to ask a question. The fact that you are posing a question can also be clear from the context or by using a rising intonation at the end of the sentence. To be even more clear, you may also introduce the question with apakah, which makes the following statement a question.
Apakah masih ada…? Do you still have any…?
(lit: ?-still-have…?)
Apakah di sini ada…? Do you have any … here?
(lit: ?-at here-have…?)
1.07
Simple Phrases
The following are simple sentences that will be used often, and should be memorized.
Ada…? Is there any…? Do you have any? Are there any…?
(lit: Have…?)
Saya mau… I would like … I want to…
(lit: I-want…)
Tidak mau! I don’t want to! I don’t want any!
Saya mau pergi ke… I want to go to…
(lit: I-want-go-to-…)
Saya mau minum… I would like to drink some…
(lit: I-want-drink-…)
Saya mau makan… I would like to eat some…
(lit: I-want-eat-…)
Saya mau beli ini/itu… I want to buy this/that…
(lit: I-want-buy-this/that.)
Berapa harganya? How much does it cost?/What is the price?
(lit: How much-its price?)
Saya mau bayar. I want to pay.
(lit: I-want-pay.)
Terlalu mahal! Too expensive!
Tidak bisa! Not possible!
When you interrupt or pass by someone, you should say:
Permisi! Excuse me!
When an actual apology is required, use:
Ma’af! or Sori! I’m sorry!
Ma’af, saya tidak mengerti. I’m sorry, I don’t (or didn’t) understand.
(lit: Sorry, I-not-understand.)
Bapak Peter mau makan sekarang? Do you want to eat now, Peter?
(lit: Mr. Peter-want-eat-now?)
Ibu Susan mau pergi sekarang? Do you want to go now, Susan?
(lit: Mrs. Susan-want-go-now?)
Note: You may find it strange that Indonesians refer to you in English as “Mr. Peter” and “Mrs. Susan” (especially if you are not married!), but this simply reflects that many Indonesians feel uncomfortable addressing someone (especially a foreigner or visitor) without a title.
1.08
Requests
Requests may be made in a number of different ways. Note that the English word “please” has no direct equivalent in Indonesian, and is translated differently depending upon the circumstances and the type of request that is being made. These various translations of “please” should not be confused.
Tolong literally means “to help.” It is used to politely introduce a request when you are asking someone to do something for you.
Tolong panggil taksi. Please (help me) call a taxi.
(lit: Help-call-taxi.)
Boléh means “allowed” and is used in the sense of “May I please…” when asking politely to see or do something, for example in a shop.
Boléh saya lihat ini? May I see this, please?
(lit: May-I-see-this?)
Boléh saya bicara dengan…? May I speak with…, please?
(lit: May-I-speak-with…?)
Boléh saya lihat itu? May I look at that, please?
(lit: May-I-see-that?)
Minta means “to request” and is a polite way of asking for things like food or drink in a restaurant. Note that the use of saya (meaning “I”) beforehand is optional.
Minta air minum. [I] would like some drinking water, please.
(lit: Ask-water-drink.)
Saya minta nasi goréng. I would like some fried rice, please.
(lit: I-ask-fried rice.)
Saya pesan is another way of prefacing a request, and means simply “I would like to order some…”
Saya pesan nasi goreng. I would like to order some fried rice.
(lit: 1-order-fried rice.)
Kasih means “to give,” and is a somewhat more colloquial and informal way of ordering something. It is also used after tolong to politely request a specific item or specific quantity of something.
Tolong kasih air minum.
(lit: Give-water-to drink.)
Please give me some drinking water.
Tolong kasih itu. Please give me that one.
(lit: Help-give-that.)
Tolong kasih dua. Please give me two [of them].
(lit: Help-give-two.)
Coba means “to try (on)” and is also used with verbs such as lihat (“to see”) in the sense of “Please may I see…” when asking to look at something in a shop window or a display case, for example:
Coba lihat itu. Please let me have a look at that.
(lit: Try-see-that.)
Silakan means “Please go ahead!” or “Be my guest!” and is used by a host to invite his or her guests to do something, or as a response to a request for permission to do something. It is, for example, polite to wait for an Indonesian host or hostess to say Silakan! before trying any drinks or snacks that have been placed before you. (Please note that silakan is never used when requesting something.)
| Silakan masuk! | Please come in! |
| Silakan duduk! | Please sit down! |
| Silakan minum! | Please drink! |
| Silakan makan! | Please eat! |
| Boléh saya masuk? | May I come in? |
| Silakan! | Please do! |
Terima kasih is used to say “thank you.” It also is used to mean “no, thank you” when refusing something being offered. Indonesians tend to use it much less often than it is used in English.
Sama-sama! (“same-same”) or Kembali! (“return”) are the normal responses to terima kasih, both meaning “You’re welcome.”
Numbers
1.09
Ordinal Numbers
se- prefix indicating one
puluh ten, multiples of ten
belas teen
ratus hundred
ribu thousand
juta million
milyar billion
nol, kosong zero
satu one
dua two
tiga three
empat four
lima five
enam six
tujuh seven
delapan eight
sembilan nine
sepuluh ten
sebelas eleven
dua belas twelve
tiga belas thirteen
empat belas fourteen
lima belas fifteen
enam belas sixteen
tujuh belas seventeen
delapan belas eighteen
sembilan belas nineteen
dua puluh twenty
dua puluh satu twenty-one
dua puluh dua twenty-two
dua puluh tiga twenty-three
dua puluh empat twenty-four
dua puluh lima twenty-five
dua puluh enam twenty-six
dua puluh tujuh twenty-seven
tiga puluh thirty
empat puluh forty
lima puluh fifty
enam puluh sixty
tujuh puluh seventy
delapan puluh eighty
sembilan puluh ninety etc.
seratus one hundred
dua ratus two hundred
tiga ratus three hundred etc.
seratus lima belas one hundred fifteen
dua ratus sembilan puluh two hundred ninety
tujuh ratus tiga puluh enam seven hundred thirty-six
seribu one thousand
dua ribu two thousand
tiga ribu three thousand etc.
seribu lima ratus one thousand five hundred
sembilan ribu sebelas nine thousand eleven
delapan ratus ribu eight hundred thousand
Cardinal numbers
Cardinal numbers are formed by attaching the prefix ke to any ordinal number (with the exception of pertama, “first”). The word yang meaning “which” may also be added when no noun is mentioned, to convey the sense of “the first one” (literally: “the one which is first”), “the second one” and so forth.
(yang) pertama (the) first
(yang) kedua (the) second
(yang) ketiga (the) third
(yang) keempat (the) fourth
(yang) kelima (the) fifth etc.
(yang) terakhir (the) last
Fractions
setengah, separuh one half
sepertiga one third
seperempat one quarter
tiga per empat three fourths
dua per lima two fifths
dua setengah two and a half
1.10
Money
Note: The Indonesian unit of currency is the Rupiah, abbreviated as Rp.
Harga ini berapa, bu? What is the price of this, Bu?
Enam ratus lima puluh rupiah. Rp650.
Tiga ribu tujuh ratus lima puluh rupiah. Rp3.750.
Delapan puluh lima ribu lima ratus rupiah. Rp85.500.
Seratus lima puluh lima ribu rupiah. Rp155.000.
Etiquette and Body Language
In Indonesia, body language is as much a part of effective communication as speech. By it you may either quickly offend or put someone at ease.
Indonesians may tolerate shorts and T-shirts in tourist shops, hotels and at the beach, but not in their homes or places of worship. It is customary to wear long pants and a shirt with a collar for men, long pants or a skirt below the knees and a blouse with sleeves for women, when going out in public. Sarongs, short pants and T-shirts are only worn around the house. In Bali, a colored sash must be worn tied around the waist when entering a temple.
Avoid using the left hand. Indonesians use their right hand to eat with and their left hand to do their business!
Point with the thumb, never with the index finger. Raise or nod your head instead of pointing at people.
It is not polite to put your hands on your hips, or to cross your arms in front of you when speaking to someone.
Footwear should be taken off (ditanggal) when visiting an Indonesian home. Slippers or sandals are acceptable at all but the most formal of occasions.
Avoid exposing the sole of your foot at someone.
Avoid touching the head or slapping someone on the back.
Indonesians are not accustomed to public displays of affection (hugging and kissing).
Beckon someone with the hand by waving with fingers together and the palm facing downwards.
Javanese will often stoop or bend over slightly when passing you. This is based on the traditional custom in the Javanese kraton or palace, where the level of one’s head is equated with one’s social status. Servants were formerly expected to walk with their legs squat, crab-like.
Indonesians bathe at least twice daily, before breakfast and supper, and may find it very strange if you do not do the same! A common greeting in the evening is Sudah mandi belum? (“Have you had your bath yet?”) Nothing in particular is meant by this, it is simply another way of saying “Hello!”
When visiting an Indonesian home, it is normal to greet the head of the household first. Greetings can be somewhat long and complicated. It is polite to shake hands, and to nod the head and state one’s name while doing so. You will be expected to meet all adults in the house, and to go through a litany of “Small Talk” questions and answers (see Part Three below).
Wait for the signal Silakan! before entering, sitting, eating or drinking. Never completely finish food or drink presented to you, as to do so is to request more. Wait for your host or hostess to offer.
When you leave, say goodbye to all adults in the house, shake hands again and tell them where you are going and why you must leave so soon. Often you will be asked to stay longer, eat, bathe, take a nap, or spend the night when you were not expecting to! These elaborate rituals reinforce the atmosphere of congeniality in Indonesian society and such invitations are not to be taken seriously unless they are repeated several times. Always decline an invitation gracefully the first time, as the person making it is perhaps just being polite and doesn’t really expect you to accept.
Outbursts and public displays of emotion or displeasure are to be avoided at all costs.
DIALOG 2
