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PART TWO

A Quick Word About Grammar

2.01

Verbs

The verb is the heart of the Indonesian sentence. The following is a list of verbs that are commonly used in everyday speech. You will probably learn them quickly, since they will come up again and again.

ada to be, to have, to exist	bicara to speak
mau to want (= will)	perlu to need
bisa to be able to (= can)	tahu to know
suka to like	punya to own
dapat to get, to reach, to attain	jadi to become
harus necessary
boléh permitted, allowed to (= may)

Common verbs of motion (intransitive)

datang to come, to arrive	duduk to sit
ikut to accompany, to go along	jalan to walk, to travel
keluar to go out, to exit	masuk to go in, to enter
pergi to go	berhenti to stop
pulang to go back [home]	kembali to return
turun to come down, to get off (a bus, etc.)
mulai to begin	lari to run

Common verbs of action (transitive)

ambil to take, to get	bawa to carry
beli to buy	cari to look for, to seek
dengar to hear	kasih to give
lihat to see	naik to ride, to go up, to climb up
pakai to use, to wear	séwa to rent
taruh to put, to place	terima to receive

The verb “to be”

Note: That the English verb “to be” does not really exist in Indonesian. Sentences of the sort X is Y in English are expressed by simply juxtaposing X with Y. The verb “to be” is then understood.

Saya orang Amérika. I [am] an American.

Hotél itu mahal. That hotel [is] expensive.

Réstoran ini bagus. This restaurant [is] good.

Adalah may sometimes be used to join two nouns in the sense of X is Y although this is usually optional. (Adalah cannot be used in this way, however, to join a noun with an adjective.)

Saya adalah orang Inggris. I am a Briton.

Dia adalah orang yang cerdik. He is a clever person.

2.02

Word order

The standard or basic word order of Indonesian sentences is the same as in English, namely: subject + verb + object + complement.

Saya perlu taksi. I need a taxi.

Saya perlu taksi bésok pagi.

I need a taxi tomorrow morning.

Kita cari hotél. We are looking for a hotel.

Saya mau séwa kamar. I want to rent a room.

John datang kemarin. John arrived yesterday.

Dia berangkat ke Bali bésok.

He will leave for Bali tomorrow.

There is one very basic difference, however. In Indonesian, the most important noun or “topic” of the sentence is normally placed first. If the topic of the sentence happens to be the object of the verb, then this will be placed first and the “passive form” of the verb with di- will often be used (see below).

Bapak mau ke mana? Where is Bapak going?

(lit: Father-want-to-where?)

Buku itu ditaruh di sana. Put the book over there.

(lit: Book-that-is put-at-there.)

Buah ini dimakan. This fruit is to be eaten. (i.e. “Go ahead and eat this fruit!”)

(lit: Fruit-this-to be eaten.)

Very often the subject of a sentence is omitted, as it is clear from the context.

Mau pergi? Do [you] want to go?

Ada kamar? Do [you] have any rooms?

Minta air minum. [I] would like some drinking water.

Boléh lihat? May [I] see?

2.03

Verb forms

The most common form of a verb is the “active” prefix me-. However, this is commonly omitted in everyday conversation. For further information on these verbal affixes, see Appendix A.

Saya mau melihat Borobudur. I want to see Borobudur.

Saya mau lihat Borobudur. (same)

The passive form di-

The passive form of a transitive verb is formed with the prefix di-. Note that the passive form often implies an imperative.

Sepatu ini boléh dicoba. The shoes may be tried on. (i.e. “You may try on the shoes.”)

Dicoba dulu! Try it/them [on] first!

Nasi ini dimasak. This rice is to be cooked. (i.e. “Cook this rice!”)

2.04

Tense

Verbs do not change their form to indicate tense, and the same form of the verb is used to speak of the past, present and future. Usually it is clear from the context which is intended. To be more specific, auxiliary verbs and words indicating a specific time reference may be added, just as in English.

Saya makan. I eat. I am eating.

Saya sedang makan. I am eating.

Saya sudah makan. I have already eaten.

Saya makan tadi. I ate just now.

Saya akan makan. I will eat.

Saya (akan) makan nanti. I will eat later.

Present tense

If no auxiliary verb or specific time reference is used, it is generally assumed that one is speaking about the present.

Sekarang (“now”) is used to emphasize the fact that one is speaking about the present.

Kita pergi sekarang. We are leaving now.

Saya mau makan sekarang. I want to eat now.

Sedang is another auxiliary verb used in the sense of “to be in the middle of” doing something:

Saya sedang makan. I am (in the middle of) eating.

Kita sedang bicara. We are (in the middle of) speaking.

Future tense

Akan (“shall, will”) is an auxiliary verb used to express the future.

Tahun depan saya akan kembali lagi ke Indonésia.

Next year I will return to Indonesia again.

Mau (“to want to”) is often used as an auxiliary verb to signify the near future, just as in English. It is then followed by the main verb. In this case it often has the sense of “to intend to, will” do something.

Bésok saya mau pergi kecandi Borobudur.

Tomorrow I want to [intend to, will] go to the Borobudur temple.

Nanti (“later”) is also used as a specific time reference indicating future tense, often after mau + verb:

Saya (akan) pergi nanti. I will go later.

Saya mau pergi nanti. I intend to go later.

2.05

Past tense

Sudah (“already”) is used in Indonesian to indicate most forms of the past tense in English. It is placed before the verb, and is often not translated in English.

Dia sudah pergi? Has he gone already?

Ya, dia sudah pergi. Yes, he has gone already.

Saya sudah satu bulan belajar Bahasa Indonésia.

I have [already] been studying Indonesian one month.

Kemarin (“yesterday”) and tadi (“just now, earlier”) are specific time references used to indicate the past.

Kemarin saya bicara dengan dia. I spoke with him/her yesterday.

Saya datang tadi. I arrived just now.

Past tense with waktu (“the time when”)

Waktu (“time” or “the time when”) is another time reference used to indicate actions which occurred in the past. Followed by itu (“that”) it means “by that time” or “at that time” and indicates what in English would be a pluperfect (past perfect) tense.

Waktu dia datang, kita sedang makan.

When (at the time) he arrived, we were eating.

Waktu itu saya baru pulang.

At that time, I had just come home.

Waktu may also be combined with sudah to indicate the past perfect tense:

Waktu dia datang, kita sudah makan.

When he arrived, we had already eaten.

Waktu itu saya sudah pergi.

By that time I had already gone.

Past tense with pernah (“ever”)

Pernah is a word meaning “been” or “ever.” When placed before the main verb, like sudah, it expresses the past tense, but is not usually translated in English. It is commonly used together with sudah to emphasize past action.

Saya pernah lihat itu. I have seen that.

Saya sudah pernah lihat itu. I have seen that before.

Pernah is often used on its own.

Anda pernah ke sana? Have you ever been there?

Saya pernah ke sana. I have been there before.

When used negatively with tidak or belum, pernah has the sense of “never” or “not yet”:

Saya tidak pernah makan daging. I have never eaten meat.

Saya belum pernah ke sana. I have not yet been there.

2.06

Negation

Tidak, meaning “not,” is the most common negative word, used to negate verbs and adjectives. Spoken contracted forms of tidak are ndak, gak and nggak/enggak.

Hotél ini tidak bagus. This hotel is not good.

Dia tidak pergi. He/she is not going.

Kenapa John enggak datang? Why didn’t John come?

Whenever possible, however, Indonesians prefer to use kurang (“less”) or belum (“not yet”) instead of tidak because the latter seems to carry a sense of “finality” or to be too “strong.” Kurang in this sense means “not really” or “not very”:

Hotél ini kurang baik.

This hotel is not very good.

Saya kurang suka itu.

I don’t really like it.

Dia kurang mengerti.

He doesn’t really understand.

Kenapa Joe belum datang?

Why hasn’t Joe arrived yet?

Belum (“not yet”) is also more commonly used than tidak, as a response to a question involving time or action.

Dia sudah pergi? Belum. Has he gone? Not yet.

Anda sudah pernah ke Bali? Belum.

Have you ever been to Bali? Not yet.

Bukan is used to negate nouns. Tidak is used to negate adjectives, as explained earlier.

Bukan ini, itu. Not this (one), that (one).

Itu bukan lukisan tapi batik.

That is not a painting but batik.

Itu bukan urusan saya.

That is not my business.

Jangan! (“Don’t!”) is used to express negative imperatives instead of tidak.

Jangan pergi! Don’t go!

Jangan mau! Don’t want!

(lit: Don’t accept it!)

2.07

Nouns

anak child	orang person, human being
buku book	nama name
makanan food	minuman drink
mata eye	hari day
mobil car	bis bus
kamar room	rumah house, home
kursi chair, seat	méja table
tempat place, seat	kota town, city
jalan street, road	kunci key
kawan friend	air water
suami husband	isteri wife
nasi rice (cooked)	gelas glass
gunung mountain	pantai beach
karcis ticket	barang goods, item
hal matter	masalah problem
muka face	belakang back
bahasa language	negara country
séndok spoon	garpu fork
piring plate	hotél hotel

2.08

Articles

Unlike English, Indonesian does not use any articles (“a,” “an,” “the”) before nouns:

Saya akan naik bis ke Bali. I will take the bus to Bali.

Kita cari hotél yang murah. We are looking for a cheap hotel.

Kita mau séwa kamar. We want to rent a room.

Ada kunci? Do you have the key?

The sense of the English definite article (“the”) can often be conveyed, however, by the possessive suffix -nya (literally: “his, hers, its, yours”) or by the demonstrative pronouns ini and itu (“this” and “that”):

Orangnya tinggi. The person [is] tall.

Bis itu di mana? Where is the [that] bus?

Batik ini mahal. The [this] batik cloth is expensive.

2.09

Plural forms

Singular or plural forms of nouns are not normally distinguished, and the same form is used for both. Singular or plural are indicated instead by the context, or through the use of other words such as “all,” “many,” etc.

Semua orang senang. All the people were pleased.

Banyak turis datang. Many tourists arrived.

Reduplicating a noun may emphasize that it is plural:

anak-anak (also written anak2) children

buku-buku books

However, reduplication often carries the meaning “a variety of.” It is also used to create new words with very different meanings from the simple forms. It is best therefore to avoid reduplication to indicate the plural unless you know what you are saying.

mata eye mata-mata spy

semata-mata only, exclusively

Para indicates plural for persons, often in a formal context:

para penumpang passengers

para penonton viewers

Note: More information concerning noun formation using prefixes and suffixes is given at the back of this book.

2.10

Classifier words

A number cannot be placed before many Indonesian nouns without the use of certain “classifier words” between the number and the noun. This is like the use of words in English such as “two pieces of cake” or “three sheets of paper,” etc. Some of the more common classifiers are listed below.

batang (lit: “trunk”) used for cigarettes, trees, etc.: sepuluh batang rokok ten cigarettes

biji (lit: “seed”) used for small objects; in slang, a counter for any object

buah (lit: “fruit”) used for larger and abstract things; or a general counter for inanimate objects