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2e) Filling ointment into tubes using a filling machine (e. g. medicine):

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Filling volume per tube: V = 100 ml = 10-4 m3; filling time per tube (at 80 work-cycles per minute, where 50 % is filling time): t = (60 s/2)/80 = 0.375 s; then: V ̇ = V/t = 2.67 ⋅ 10-4 m3/s, using an injection nozzle with an annular geometry and a cross-sectional area of A = 24 ⋅ 10-6 m2, which for a rough estimation, corresponds to a circular area showing R = 2.76 ⋅ 10-3 m (since A = π ⋅ R2); result: γ ̇ w = 16,200 s-1

The Rheology Handbook

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