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Figure 5.4 Different stages before ductile fracture. (a) Necking (b) formation of microvoids (c) coalescence of microvoids to form a crack (d) crack propagation by shear deformation (e) fracture.

Figure 5.5 Cup and cone fracture in Al.

Source: Callister, William D. and Rethwisch, David G. (2009). Materials Science and Engineering: An Introduction, 8e. Wiley.