Читать книгу Smart Grids and Micro-Grids - Umashankar Subramaniam - Страница 4

1 Chapter 1Figure 1.1 Equivalent circuit of SDM.Figure 1.2 Flowchart to evaluate the PV module parameters using NR method under ...Figure 1.3 Flowchart to evaluate the PV module parameters using NR method under ...Figure 1.4 Simulation results of KD245GX (a) P-V characteristics (b) I-V charact...Figure 1.5 Simulation results of SHELL SP70 (a) P-V characteristics (b) I-V char...Figure 1.6 (a) Experimental set up of HST60FXXXP 250 W SPV panel (b) Simulated a...

2 Chapter 2Figure 2.1 Distribution of worldwide operational ESS.Figure 2.2 Boost converter interfacing battery to dc microgrid.Figure 2.3 Typical configuration of the controller.Figure 2.4 Equivalent circuit of the converter.Figure 2.5 Waveforms under the condition when battery-converter system is connec...Figure 2.6 Waveforms under the condition when battery-converter system is in isl...Figure 2.7 Three-phase inverter interfacing battery to grid.Figure 2.8 Controller for inverter interfacing battery to grid.Figure 2.9 Performance of the controller when the battery converter system is in...Figure 2.10 Waveform of PCC voltage, real and reactive power exchanged fed for t...

3 Chapter 3Figure 3.1 SO2 and CO2 emissions in Indian thermal power plants.Figure 3.2 Source wise installed capacity of India.Figure 3.3 Targeted installed solar capacity by 2022.Figure 3.4 PV economic performance assessment metrics. Figure 3.5 Economic Indices for performance analysis.Figure 3.6 Solar Photovoltaic plant at Renigunta Airport, Tirupati [15].

4 Chapter 4Figure 4.1 System under study.Figure 4.2 Mathematical evaluation of the system under study.Figure 4.3 Distribution network topology.Figure 4.4 Reliability indices for slow and fast EV chargers (a) SAIFI for diffe...

5 Chapter 5Figure 5.1 Control hierarchy and functions.Figure 5.2 Conceptual framework of hierarchical control.Figure 5.3 VSC interfaced DG and controllers.Figure 5.4 Power controller of VSC.Figure 5.5 Droop characteristics.Figure 5.6 Voltage controller of VSC.Figure 5.7 Current controller of VSC.Figure 5.8 Secondary controller.Figure 5.1 Microgrid SCADA architecture.Figure 5.10 FQB/VPD characteristic.Figure 5.11 Virtual impedance droop control.Figure 5.12 VSM droop control.Figure 5.13 Microgrid stability classification.

6 Chapter 6Figure 6.1 Electric vehicle charging station (EVCS) module.Figure 6.2 Proposed fuzzy logic controller.Figure 6.3 Membership functions for input 1.Figure 6.4 Membership functions for input 2.Figure 6.5 Membership functions for output.Figure 6.6 Load demand curve.Figure 6.7 Mobility pattern of PEVs.Figure 6.8 Simulation results obtained in Scenario 1.Figure 6.9 Simulation results obtained in scenario 2.Figure 6.10 Charging or discharging rates of different categories of PEVs during...

7 Chapter 7Figure 7.1 Indian power sector – overview (as on 31.03.2020).Figure 7.2 Installed renewable power capacity (as on 31.05.2020).Figure 7.3 Installed capacity of hydro power plant from 2008 to 2018.Figure 7.4 Annual additions of renewable power capacity, by technology and total...Figure 7.5 Solar PV global capacity and annual additions, 2008-2018.Figure 7.6 Installed capacity of wind energy in India from 2010-2019.Figure 7.7 Rate of increase in energy production from RES’s in present and futur...

8 Chapter 8Figure 8.1 Interconnection of power, IT & communication technologies in smart gr...Figure 8.2 Substation automation network.Figure 8.3 Smart grid technology areas.Figure 8.4 Smart grid attributes.Figure 8.5 Smart meters.Figure 8.6 Schematic of OMS system.Figure 8.7 AMI interface.Figure 8.8 Interface of MDM with different devices/applications.Figure 8.9 SCADA architecture schematic.Figure 8.10 Smart home energy management system.Figure 8.11 A typical FPI and its placement at field.

9 Chapter 9Figure 9.1 Block diagram and photograph of micro-grid (a) Micro-grid block diagr...Figure 9.2 Flowchart.Figure 9.3 Photograph and flow chart. (a) Source and Load FPGA controllers conne...Figure 9.4 Initial state of micro-grid.Figure 9.5 Status of micro-grid with NCL2 disconnected.Figure 9.6 Status of micro-grid when DG is connected.Figure 9.7 Status of micro-grid under test case-3.Figure 9.8 Signal acquisition system.Figure 9.9 RMS and power modules.Figure 9.10 Online monitoring system flow chart.Figure 9.11 Online monitoring display under test case-2.

10 Chapter 10Figure 10.1 Projected emissions by country.Figure 10.2 Electric cars carbon emissions.Figure 10.3 Density of global energy shortages.Figure 10.4 Density of energy shortages in Africa.Figure 10.5 Microgrid.Figure 10.6 Smart grid.Figure 10.7 CO2 emissions from motorized.Figure 10.8 Energy consumption from motorized passenger transport.Figure 10.9 Expected four-wheeler sales (in million) for EVs and ICEs in India.Figure 10.10 Power quality issues on grid due to electric vehicle integration.

11 Chapter 11Figure 11.1 Block diagram of the microgrid including various power converters an...Figure 11.2 Block diagram of the power electronic converter delivering power fro...Figure 11.3 (a) Schematic representation of a resistor divider circuit and (b) w...Figure 11.4 (a) Block diagram of switching circuit for step down or buck operati...Figure 11.5 (a) Circuit diagram of the step down converter with inductive and ca...Figure 11.6 (a) Circuit diagram of the step-down converter with inductive and ca...Figure 11.7 (a) State 1 operation of the step-down circuit, (b) state 2 operatio...Figure 11.8 (a) Circuit diagram of the buck converter, (b) waveforms of the vari...Figure 11.9 (a) Circuit diagram of the boost converter, (b) waveforms of the var...Figure 11.10 (a) Circuit diagram of the buck-boost converter, (b) waveforms of t...Figure 11.11 (a) Circuit diagram of the single phase diode bridge rectifier, (b)...Figure 11.12 (a) Circuit diagram of the single-phase controlled bridge rectifier...Figure 11.13 (a) Steady state waveforms of SPCBR for α = 15° operation in Exampl...Figure 11.14 Circuit diagram of the three phase controlled rectifier (TPCR).Figure 11.15 Analytical waveforms of TPCR for various values of α.Figure 11.16 Circuit diagram of the single phase two-level inverter.Figure 11.17 (a) Analytical waveforms of SPI, (b) Harmonic spectrum of the outpu...Figure 11.18 (a) Analytical waveforms of three phase two-level inverter, (b) har...Figure 11.19 Circuit diagram of a single stage inverter presented in [10].Figure 11.20 Single phase AC-AC voltage controller using (a) SCRs, (b) Triac.Figure 11.21 Analytical waveforms of the single phase AC voltage controller.Figure 11.22 Circuit diagram of the single phase cycloconverter.Figure 11.23 Analytic waveforms of the single phase cycloconverter.

12 Chapter 12Figure 12.1 Murray loop test for (a) earth fault (b) short circuit fault.Figure 12.2 Varley loop test for (a) earth fault (b) short circuit fault.Figure 12.3 Time domain reflectometer.Figure 12.4 Block diagram of fault detection in cable through IoT.Figure 12.5 Circuit diagram of hardware prototype.Figure 12.6 Flow chart for detection fault distance.Figure 12.7 Front view of the hardware prototype.Figure 12.8 Interior view of the hardware prototype with components.Figure 12.9 Hardware image during a fault condition.Figure 12.10 Blynk application with fault distance.

13 Chapter 13Figure 13.1 Smart grid components.Figure 13.2 Core structure of smart grid.Figure 13.3 Standard related organization.Figure 13.4 Framework of smart grid.Figure 13.5 Graphic representation of smart grid.Figure 13.6 Graphical user interface architecture of smart grid.Figure 13.7 Components of Demand Managements Response (DMRS).Figure 13.8 IEC 61968 interface standards [66].

14 Chapter 14Figure 14.1 Graphic representation of microgrids in technological development [3...Figure 14.2 Microgrids in technological development.Figure 14.3 Graphic representation of smart grids in technological development [...Figure 14.4 Smart grids in technological development.Figure 14.5 Visions and significant characteristics of IoT.Figure 14.6 Types of cloud computing based on the deployment model.