Читать книгу The 2009 CIA World Factbook - United States. Central Intelligence Agency - Страница 267

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Economy ::Burma

Economy - overview:

Burma, a resource-rich country, suffers from pervasive government controls, inefficient economic policies, and rural poverty. Despite Burma's increasing oil and gas revenue, socio-economic conditions have deteriorated because of the regime's mismanagement of the economy. The economy suffers from serious macroeconomic imbalances - including rising inflation, fiscal deficits, multiple official exchange rates that overvalue the Burmese kyat, a distorted interest rate regime, unreliable statistics, and an inability to reconcile national accounts to determine a realistic GDP figure. Most overseas development assistance ceased after the junta began to suppress the democracy movement in 1988 and subsequently refused to honor the results of the 1990 legislative elections. In response to the government of Burma's attack in May 2003 on AUNG SAN SUU KYI and her convoy, the US imposed new economic sanctions in August 2003 including a ban on imports of Burmese products and a ban on provision of financial services by US persons. Further, a poor investment climate hampers the inflow of foreign investment. Foreign investors have shied away from nearly every sector except for natural gas and power generation. The business climate is widely perceived as opaque, corrupt, and highly inefficient. The most productive sectors will continue to be in extractive industries - especially oil and gas, mining, and timber - with the latter causing significant environmental degradation. Other areas, such as manufacturing and services, are struggling with inadequate infrastructure, unpredictable import/export policies, deteriorating health and education systems, and endemic corruption. A major banking crisis in 2003 shuttered 20 private banks and disrupted the economy. As of 2008, the largest private banks operated under tight restrictions, limiting the private sector's access to formal credit. The September 2007 crackdown on prodemocracy demonstrators, including thousands of monks, strained the economy as the tourism industry, which directly employs about 500,000 people, suffered dramatic declines in foreign visitor levels. In November 2007, the European Union announced new sanctions banning investment and trade in Burmese gems, timber, and precious stones, while the United States expanded its sanctions list to include more Burmese government and military officials and their family members, as well as prominent regime business cronies, their family members, and associated companies. Official statistics are inaccurate. In July 2008 the President signed into law the Tom LANTOS JADE (Junta's Anti-Democratic Efforts) Act of 2008, imposing new targeted sanctions on the regime. Published statistics on foreign trade are greatly understated because of the size of the black market and unofficial border trade - often estimated to be as large as the official economy. Though the Burmese government has good economic relations with its neighbors, better investment and business climates and an improved political situation are needed to promote serious foreign investment, exports, and tourism.

GDP (purchasing power parity):

$55.27 billion (2008 est.) country comparison to the world: 87 $54.66 billion (2007 est.)

$52.87 billion (2006 est.)

note: data are in 2008 US dollars

GDP (official exchange rate):

$26.21 billion (2008 est.)

GDP - real growth rate:

1.1% (2008 est.) country comparison to the world: 171 3.4% (2007 est.)

3.4% (2006 est.)

GDP - per capita (PPP):

$1,200 (2008 est.) country comparison to the world: 206 $1,200 (2007 est.)

$1,100 (2006 est.)

note: data are in 2008 US dollars

GDP - composition by sector:

agriculture: 40.9%

industry: 19.8%

services: 39.2% (2008 est.)

Labor force:

30.04 million (2008 est.) country comparison to the world: 19

Labor force - by occupation:

agriculture: 70%

industry: 7%

services: 23% (2001)

Unemployment rate:

5% (2008 est.) country comparison to the world: 62 5.2% (2007 est.)

Population below poverty line:

32.7% (2007 est.)

Household income or consumption by percentage share:

lowest 10%: 2.8%

highest 10%: 32.4% (1998)

Investment (gross fixed):

14.1% of GDP (2008 est.) country comparison to the world: 139

Budget:

revenues: $1 billion

expenditures: $1.805 billion (2008 est.)

Inflation rate (consumer prices):

26.8% (2008 est.) country comparison to the world: 217 35% (2007 est.)

Central bank discount rate:

12% (31 December 2008) country comparison to the world: 25 12% (31 December 2007)

Commercial bank prime lending rate:

17% (31 December 2008) country comparison to the world: 30 17% (31 December 2007)

Stock of money:

$NA (31 December 2008)

$598 billion (31 December 2007)

note: this number reflects the vastly overvalued official exchange rate of 5.38 kyat per dollar; at the unofficial black market rate of 1305 kyat per dollar, the stock of kyats would equal only US$2.465 billion and Burma's velocity of money (the number of times money turns over in the course of a year) would be six, in line with the velocity of money for other countries in the region

Stock of quasi money:

$NA (31 December 2008)

$216.9 billion (31 December 2007)

Stock of domestic credit:

$NA (31 December 2008)

$887.7 billion (31 December 2007)

Market value of publicly traded shares: