Читать книгу The 2009 CIA World Factbook - United States. Central Intelligence Agency - Страница 287
FAX: [1] (613) 688–3082
Оглавлениеconsulate(s) general: Calgary, Halifax, Montreal, Quebec, Toronto, Vancouver, Winnipeg
Flag description:
two vertical bands of red (hoist and fly side, half width) with white square between them; an 11-pointed red maple leaf is centered in the white square; the official colors of Canada are red and white
Economy ::Canada
Economy - overview:
As an affluent, high-tech industrial society in the trillion-dollar class, Canada resembles the US in its market-oriented economic system, pattern of production, and affluent living standards. Since World War II, the impressive growth of the manufacturing, mining, and service sectors has transformed the nation from a largely rural economy into one primarily industrial and urban. The 1989 US-Canada Free Trade Agreement (FTA) and the 1994 North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) (which includes Mexico) touched off a dramatic increase in trade and economic integration with the US, its principle trading partner. Canada enjoys a substantial trade surplus with the US, which absorbs nearly 80% of Canadian exports each year. Canada is the US's largest foreign supplier of energy, including oil, gas, uranium, and electric power. Given its great natural resources, skilled labor force, and modern capital plant, Canada has enjoyed solid economic growth, and prudent fiscal management has produced consecutive balanced budgets from 1997 to 2007. In 2008, growth slowed sharply as a result of the global economic downturn, US housing slump, plunging auto sector demand, and a drop in world commodity prices. Public finances, too, are set to deteriorate for the first time in a decade. Tight global credit conditions have further restrained business and housing investment, despite the conservative lending practices and strong capitalization that made Canada's major banks among the most stable in the world.
GDP (purchasing power parity):
$1.303 trillion (2008 est.) country comparison to the world: 15 $1.298 trillion (2007 est.)
$1.266 trillion (2006 est.)
note: data are in 2008 US dollars
GDP (official exchange rate):
$1.5 trillion (2008 est.)
GDP - real growth rate:
0.4% (2008 est.) country comparison to the world: 192 2.5% (2007 est.)
2.9% (2006 est.)
GDP - per capita (PPP):
$39,200 (2008 est.) country comparison to the world: 22 $39,400 (2007 est.)
$38,800 (2006 est.)
note: data are in 2008 US dollars
GDP - composition by sector:
agriculture: 2%
industry: 28.4%
services: 69.6% (2008 est.)
Labor force:
18.22 million (2008 est.) country comparison to the world: 32
Labor force - by occupation:
agriculture 2%, manufacturing 13%, construction 6%, services 76%, other 3% (2006)
Unemployment rate:
6.2% (2008 est.) country comparison to the world: 76 6% (2007 est.)
Population below poverty line:
10.8%; note - this figure is the Low Income Cut-Off (LICO), a calculation that results in higher figures than found in many comparable economies; Canada does not have an official poverty line (2005)
Household income or consumption by percentage share:
lowest 10%: 2.6%
highest 10%: 24.8% (2000)
Distribution of family income - Gini index:
32.1 (2005) country comparison to the world: 100 31.5 (1994)
Investment (gross fixed):
22.6% of GDP (2008 est.) country comparison to the world: 73
Budget:
revenues: $594.1 billion
expenditures: $573.7 billion (2008 est.)
Public debt:
63.8% of GDP (2008 est.) country comparison to the world: 21 64.2% of GDP (2004 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
2.4% (2008 est.) country comparison to the world: 23 2.1% (2007 est.)
Central bank discount rate:
1.75% (31 December 2008) country comparison to the world: 112 4.5% (31 December 2007)
Commercial bank prime lending rate:
4.73% (31 December 2008) country comparison to the world: 131 6.1% (31 December 2007)
Stock of money:
$356.2 billion (31 December 2008) country comparison to the world: 5 $391.6 billion (31 December 2007)
Stock of quasi money:
$1.299 trillion (31 December 2008) country comparison to the world: 5 $1.381 trillion (31 December 2007)
Stock of domestic credit:
$2.335 trillion (31 December 2008) country comparison to the world: 9 $2.382 trillion (31 December 2007)
Market value of publicly traded shares:
$NA (31 December 2008) country comparison to the world: 7 $2.187 trillion (31 December 2007)
$1.701 trillion (31 December 2006)
Agriculture - products:
wheat, barley, oilseed, tobacco, fruits, vegetables; dairy products; forest products; fish
Industries:
transportation equipment, chemicals, processed and unprocessed minerals, food products, wood and paper products, fish products, petroleum and natural gas
Industrial production growth rate:
−2.8% (2008 est.) country comparison to the world: 159
Electricity - production:
620.7 billion kWh (2007 est.) country comparison to the world: 7
Electricity - consumption:
536.1 billion kWh (2007 est.) country comparison to the world: 8
Electricity - exports:
55.73 billion kWh (2008 est.)
Electricity - imports:
23.5 billion kWh (2008 est.)
Oil - production:
3.35 million bbl/day (2008 est.) country comparison to the world: 6
Oil - consumption:
2.26 million bbl/day (2008 est.) country comparison to the world: 10
Oil - exports:
2.421 million bbl/day (2008 est.) country comparison to the world: 5
Oil - imports:
1.165 million bbl/day (2008 est.) country comparison to the world: 15
Oil - proved reserves:
178.1 billion bbl country comparison to the world: 2 note: includes oil sands (1 January 2009 est.)
Natural gas - production:
170.9 billion cu m (2008 est.) country comparison to the world: 4
Natural gas - consumption:
82.93 billion cu m (2008 est.) country comparison to the world: 10
Natural gas - exports:
102.8 billion cu m (2008) country comparison to the world: 2
Natural gas - imports:
14.84 billion cu m (2008 est.) country comparison to the world: 16
Natural gas - proved reserves:
1.64 trillion cu m (1 January 2009 est.) country comparison to the world: 21
Current account balance:
$7.61 billion (2008 est.) country comparison to the world: 26 $14.53 billion (2007 est.)
Exports:
$459.1 billion (2008 est.) country comparison to the world: 11 $431.2 billion (2007 est.)
Exports - commodities:
motor vehicles and parts, industrial machinery, aircraft, telecommunications equipment; chemicals, plastics, fertilizers; wood pulp, timber, crude petroleum, natural gas, electricity, aluminum
Exports - partners:
US 77.7%, UK 2.7%, Japan 2.3% (2008)
Imports:
$415.2 billion (2008 est.) country comparison to the world: 12 $386.6 billion (2007 est.)
Imports - commodities:
machinery and equipment, motor vehicles and parts, crude oil, chemicals, electricity, durable consumer goods
Imports - partners:
US 52.4%, China 9.8%, Mexico 4.1% (2008)
Reserves of foreign exchange and gold:
$43.87 billion (31 December 2008 est.) country comparison to the world: 29 $41.08 billion (31 December 2007 est.)
Debt - external:
$781.1 billion (31 December 2008) country comparison to the world: 15 $806.9 billion (31 December 2007)
Stock of direct foreign investment - at home:
$433.4 billion (31 December 2008 est.) country comparison to the world: 11 $506.9 billion (31 December 2007 est.)
Stock of direct foreign investment - abroad:
$520.4 billion (31 December 2008 est.) country comparison to the world: 12 $520.7 billion (31 December 2007 est.)
Exchange rates:
Canadian dollars (CAD) per US dollar - 1.0364 (2008 est.), 1.0724 (2007), 1.1334 (2006), 1.2118 (2005), 1.301 (2004)
Communications ::Canada
Telephones - main lines in use:
18.25 million (2008) country comparison to the world: 17
Telephones - mobile cellular:
21.455 million (2008) country comparison to the world: 37
Telephone system:
general assessment: excellent service provided by modern technology
domestic: domestic satellite system with about 300 earth stations
international: country code - 1; submarine cables provide links to the US and Europe; satellite earth stations - 7 (5 Intelsat - 4 Atlantic Ocean and 1 Pacific Ocean, and 2 Intersputnik - Atlantic Ocean region) (2007)
Radio broadcast stations:
AM 245, FM 582, shortwave 6 (2004)
Television broadcast stations:
148 (2007)
Internet country code:
.ca
Internet hosts:
7.193 million (2009) country comparison to the world: 14
Internet users:
25.086 million (2008) country comparison to the world: 13
Transportation ::Canada
Airports:
1,388 (2009) country comparison to the world: 4
Airports - with paved runways:
total: 515
over 3,047 m: 19
2,438 to 3,047 m: 18
1,524 to 2,437 m: 148
914 to 1,523 m: 251
under 914 m: 79 (2009)
Airports - with unpaved runways:
total: 873
1,524 to 2,437 m: 73
914 to 1,523 m: 373
under 914 m: 427 (2009)
Heliports:
12 (2009)
Pipelines:
crude and refined oil 23,564 km; liquid petroleum gas 74,980 km (2006)
Railways:
total: 46,688 km country comparison to the world: 5 standard gauge: 46,688 km 1.435-m gauge (2008)
Roadways:
total: 1,042,300 km country comparison to the world: 6 paved: 415,600 km (includes 17,000 km of expressways)
unpaved: 626,700 km (2006)
Waterways:
636 km country comparison to the world: 78 note: Saint Lawrence Seaway of 3,769 km, including the Saint Lawrence River of 3,058 km, shared with United States (2008)
Merchant marine:
total: 175 country comparison to the world: 38 by type: bulk carrier 60, cargo 13, carrier 1, chemical tanker 10, combination ore/oil 1, container 2, passenger 6, passenger/cargo 64, petroleum tanker 12, roll on/roll off 6
foreign-owned: 17 (Germany 3, Netherlands 1, Norway 3, US 10)
registered in other countries: 206 (Australia 9, Bahamas 84, Barbados 9, Cambodia 2, Cyprus 2, Denmark 1, Honduras 1, Hong Kong 44, Liberia 7, Malta 1, Marshall Islands 6, Norway 10, Panama 18, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 1, Spain 4, Taiwan 2, Vanuatu 5) (2008)
Ports and terminals:
Fraser River Port, Halifax, Hamilton, Montreal, Port-Cartier, Quebec
City, Saint John (New Brunswick), Sept-Isles, Vancouver
Military ::Canada
Military branches:
Canadian Forces: Land Forces Command (LFC), Maritime Command (MARCOM), Air Command (AIRCOM), Canada Command (homeland security) (2009)
Military service age and obligation:
17 years of age for male and female voluntary military service (with parental consent); 16 years of age for reserve and military college applicants; Canadian citizenship or permanent residence status required; maximum 34 years of age; service obligation 3–9 years (2008)
Manpower available for military service:
males age 16–49: 8,072,010
females age 16–49: 7,813,462 (2008 est.)
Manpower fit for military service:
males age 16–49: 6,647,513
females age 16–49: 6,413,748 (2009 est.)
Manpower reaching militarily significant age annually:
male: 223,238
female: 210,797 (2009 est.)
Military expenditures:
1.1% of GDP (2005 est.) country comparison to the world: 132
Transnational Issues ::Canada
Disputes - international:
managed maritime boundary disputes with the US at Dixon Entrance, Beaufort Sea, Strait of Juan de Fuca, and the Gulf of Maine including the disputed Machias Seal Island and North Rock; Canada, the US, and other countries dispute the status of the Northwest Passage; US works closely with Canada to intensify security measures for monitoring and controlling legal and illegal movement of people, transport, and commodities across the international border; sovereignty dispute with Denmark over Hans Island in the Kennedy Channel between Ellesmere Island and Greenland; commencing the collection of technical evidence for submission to the Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf in support of claims for continental shelf beyond 200 nautical miles from its declared baselines in the Arctic, as stipulated in Article 76, paragraph 8, of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea
Illicit drugs:
illicit producer of cannabis for the domestic drug market and export to US; use of hydroponics technology permits growers to plant large quantities of high-quality marijuana indoors; increasing ecstasy production, some of which is destined for the US; vulnerable to narcotics money laundering because of its mature financial services sector
page last updated on November 11, 2009
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@Cape Verde (Africa)
Introduction ::Cape Verde
Background:
The uninhabited islands were discovered and colonized by the Portuguese in the 15th century; Cape Verde subsequently became a trading center for African slaves and later an important coaling and resupply stop for whaling and transatlantic shipping. Following independence in 1975, and a tentative interest in unification with Guinea-Bissau, a one-party system was established and maintained until multi-party elections were held in 1990. Cape Verde continues to exhibit one of Africa's most stable democratic governments. Repeated droughts during the second half of the 20th century caused significant hardship and prompted heavy emigration. As a result, Cape Verde's expatriate population is greater than its domestic one. Most Cape Verdeans have both African and Portuguese antecedents.
Geography ::Cape Verde
Location:
Western Africa, group of islands in the North Atlantic Ocean, west of Senegal
Geographic coordinates:
