Читать книгу The 2009 CIA World Factbook - United States. Central Intelligence Agency - Страница 316

Flag description:

two equal horizontal bands of white (top) and red; a blue square the same height as the white band at the hoist-side end of the white band; the square bears a white five-pointed star in the center representing a guide to progress and honor; blue symbolizes the sky, white is for the snow-covered Andes, and red represents the blood spilled to achieve independence

note: design was influenced by the US flag

Economy ::Chile

Economy - overview:

Chile has a market-oriented economy characterized by a high level of foreign trade and a reputation for strong financial institutions and sound policy that have given it the strongest sovereign bond rating in South America. Exports account for 40% of GDP, with commodities making up some three-quarters of total exports. Copper alone provides one-third of government revenue. During the early 1990s, Chile's reputation as a role model for economic reform was strengthened when the democratic government of Patricio AYLWIN - which took over from the military in 1990 - deepened the economic reform initiated by the military government. Growth in real GDP averaged 8% during 1991–97, but fell to half that level in 1998 because of tight monetary policies implemented to keep the current account deficit in check and because of lower export earnings - the latter a product of the global financial crisis. A severe drought exacerbated the situation in 1999, reducing crop yields and causing hydroelectric shortfalls and electricity rationing, and Chile experienced negative economic growth for the first time in more than 15 years. In the years since then, growth has averaged 4% per year. Chile deepened its longstanding commitment to trade liberalization with the signing of a free trade agreement with the US, which took effect on 1 January 2004. Chile claims to have more bilateral or regional trade agreements than any other country. It has 57 such agreements (not all of them full free trade agreements), including with the European Union, Mercosur, China, India, South Korea, and Mexico. Over the past five years, foreign direct investment inflows have quadrupled to some $17 billion in 2008. The Chilean government conducts a rule-based countercyclical fiscal policy, accumulating surpluses in sovereign wealth funds during periods of high copper prices and economic growth, and allowing deficit spending only during periods of low copper prices and growth. As of September 2008, those sovereign wealth funds - kept mostly outside the country and separate from Central Bank reserves - amounted to more than $20 billion.

GDP (purchasing power parity):

$245.1 billion (2008 est.) country comparison to the world: 45 $237.5 billion (2007 est.)

$226.8 billion (2006 est.)

note: data are in 2008 US dollars

GDP (official exchange rate):

$169.5 billion (2008 est.)

GDP - real growth rate:

3.2% (2008 est.) country comparison to the world: 117 4.7% (2007 est.)

4.6% (2006 est.)

GDP - per capita (PPP):

$14,900 (2008 est.) country comparison to the world: 77 $14,600 (2007 est.)

$14,000 (2006 est.)

note: data are in 2008 US dollars

GDP - composition by sector:

agriculture: 4.8%

industry: 50.5%

services: 44.7% (2008 est.)

Labor force:

7.267 million (2008 est.) country comparison to the world: 61

Labor force - by occupation:

agriculture: 13.2%

industry: 23%

services: 63.9% (2005)

Unemployment rate:

7.8% (2008 est.) country comparison to the world: 105 7% (2007 est.)

Population below poverty line:

18.2% (2005)

Household income or consumption by percentage share:

lowest 10%: 1.6%

highest 10%: 41.7% (2006)

Distribution of family income - Gini index:

54.9 (2003) country comparison to the world: 14 57.1 (2000)

Investment (gross fixed):

24% of GDP (2008 est.) country comparison to the world: 58

Budget:

revenues: $44.79 billion

expenditures: $35.09 billion (2008 est.)

Public debt:

5.2% of GDP (2008 est.) country comparison to the world: 120 12.8% of GDP (2004 est.)

Inflation rate (consumer prices):

8.7% (2008 est.) country comparison to the world: 134 4.4% (2007 est.)

Central bank discount rate:

8.25% (31 December 2008) country comparison to the world: 73 6% (31 December 2007)

Commercial bank prime lending rate:

13.26% (31 December 2008) country comparison to the world: 98 8.67% (31 December 2007)

Stock of money:

$14.72 billion (31 December 2008) country comparison to the world: 39 $16.6 billion (31 December 2007)

Stock of quasi money:

$73.66 billion (31 December 2008) country comparison to the world: 25 $80.42 billion (31 December 2007)

Stock of domestic credit:

$116.4 billion (31 December 2008) country comparison to the world: 35 $127.1 billion (31 December 2007)

Market value of publicly traded shares:

$132.4 billion (31 December 2008) country comparison to the world: 36 $212.9 billion (31 December 2007)

$174.6 billion (31 December 2006)

Agriculture - products:

grapes, apples, pears, onions, wheat, corn, oats, peaches, garlic, asparagus, beans; beef, poultry, wool; fish; timber

Industries:

copper, other minerals, foodstuffs, fish processing, iron and steel, wood and wood products, transport equipment, cement, textiles

Industrial production growth rate:

0.7% (2008 est.) country comparison to the world: 128

Electricity - production:

60.6 billion kWh (2007 est.) country comparison to the world: 41

Electricity - consumption:

57.29 billion kWh (2007 est.) country comparison to the world: 43

Electricity - exports:

0 kWh (2008 est.)

Electricity - imports:

1.628 billion kWh (2007 est.)

Oil - production:

11,190 bbl/day (2008 est.) country comparison to the world: 85

Oil - consumption:

277,000 bbl/day (2008 est.) country comparison to the world: 47

Oil - exports:

49,250 bbl/day (2007 est.) country comparison to the world: 78

Oil - imports:

311,200 bbl/day (2007 est.) country comparison to the world: 37

Oil - proved reserves:

150 million bbl (1 January 2009 est.) country comparison to the world: 60

Natural gas - production:

1.65 billion cu m (2008 est.) country comparison to the world: 58

Natural gas - consumption:

2.34 billion cu m (2008 est.) country comparison to the world: 79

Natural gas - exports:

0 cu m (2008) country comparison to the world: 184

Natural gas - imports:

690 million cu m (2008 est.) country comparison to the world: 58

Natural gas - proved reserves:

97.97 billion cu m (1 January 2009 est.) country comparison to the world: 53

Current account balance:

-$3.44 billion (2008 est.) country comparison to the world: 150 $7.189 billion (2007 est.)

Exports:

$66.46 billion (2008 est.) country comparison to the world: 48 $67.67 billion (2007 est.)

Exports - commodities:

copper, fruit, fish products, paper and pulp, chemicals, wine

Exports - partners:

China 14.2%, US 11.3%, Japan 10.4%, Brazil 5.9%, South Korea 5.7%,

Netherlands 5.2%, Italy 4.4% (2008)

Imports:

$57.61 billion (2008 est.) country comparison to the world: 48 $44.03 billion (2007 est.)

Imports - commodities:

petroleum and petroleum products, chemicals, electrical and telecommunications equipment, industrial machinery, vehicles, natural gas

Imports - partners:

US 19.1%, China 11.9%, Brazil 9.3%, Argentina 8.8%, South Korea 5.6%, Japan 4.6% (2008)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold:

$23.08 billion (31 December 2008 est.) country comparison to the world: 49 $16.84 billion (31 December 2007 est.)

Debt - external: