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In the context of the implementation of trends for the development of the digital economy in the Russian Federation and particularly important sectors of the national economy, the Digital Railway project is also being implemented, which is based on the concept of automatic collection of all necessary primary information about the state of the transportation process. Particularly important information affecting traffic safety and requiring operational control can include: the current state of the SCB, the speed and weight of trains, the dislocation of mobile units and their current condition, the presence of restrictions, etc.

The core of the formation of digital railway technologies is the full integration of intelligent communication technologies between the user, vehicle, traffic management system and infrastructure.

The main tasks of using IoT in railway transport include:

– reducing the influence of the human factor;

– development of paperless document management;

– improving the reliability and safety of traffic;

– reduction of the number of workers in the area of heavy traffic;

– reduction of the life cycle cost of railway infrastructure and rolling stock;

– improvement of transport logistics;

– expansion of international transport corridors.

In railway transport, the industrial Internet of Things is characterized by the unification of information collection systems, a cloud platform and a personalized system for the formation of control actions.

There are many functional directions for the development of digital technologies and IoT. In particular, in relation to the railway transport complex, the following can be distinguished:

1) IoT is used in working with rolling stock: passenger and freight cars, locomotives, electric trains. With this technology, it is possible to control their movement and location in order to provide additional services.

The role of IoT in performing the task of optimizing production processes consists of the following functions:

– maintenance of rolling stock according to technical condition;

– reduction of consumption of fuel and energy resources;

– remote monitoring and control of the location of the locomotive and wagon fleet, optimization of the logistics of wagons and cargo.

2) IoT diagnostics and monitoring of the condition of rolling stock:

– analysis of data promptly received from sensors in the process of monitoring the technical condition of the train, allows you to move from the modeling system to predicting the pre-failure condition;

– development of preventive measures aimed at improving reliability and operational readiness to increase the service life of particularly important components and parts of rolling stock, based on the analysis of their monitoring;

– reduction of the probability of failures of the main elements and associated downtime;

– creation of a database on the terms of repairs and areas of circulation of rolling stock for rational planning of maintenance and repair;

– planning the allocation of resources and spare parts for repair work.

Data from monitoring systems of train parameters «on the move» are analyzed in real time and used to prevent accidents in the operation of rolling stock. [51]

3) IoT is used to monitor railway infrastructure. With the help of sensors, you can monitor the state of the infrastructure in real time, as well as predict pre-failure states.

The IoT functions for optimizing the technological state of the infrastructure are as follows:

– remote monitoring and control of the dynamic characteristics of the railway track and switches;

– remote control and monitoring of separate points and crossings;

– precise positioning of the controlled object to increase the speed of response to dangerous failures;

– improving the objectivity of the analysis of the state of objects

and their parameters in real time.

– remote monitoring and control of automation and telemechanics.

When processing electronic data about a defect from an IoT device, an application for repair can be automatically created, the necessary material can be reserved in the warehouse and workers can be sent to the place of the defect.

4) The task of optimizing the control of consumption of fuel and energy resources:

– automatic monitoring of fuel and energy resources consumption;

– analysis of fuel discharge cases;

– assessment of the directions of saving fuel and energy resources and the development of a system for building energy-efficient traffic schedules depending on the current state of the infrastructure;

– determination and analysis of the train driving style by drivers;

– monitoring of stop periods.

5) IoT is also used to ensure the safety of personnel at work. As part of this, it is carried out:

– online monitoring of the driver’s current condition using sensors embedded in wristbands to prevent emergencies;

– monitoring the presence of personnel in permitted/prohibited areas;

– notification of the approach of mobile units to the area where workers are located with the transmission of signals by warning devices based on satellite navigation.

6) IoT is used to provide additional services to passengers:

– provision of self-service services to passengers to purchase tickets and offer additional services of interest;

– remote control of information boards and panels on passenger infrastructure and rolling stock for passengers to receive relevant and important information;

– providing access to the Internet.

7) The use of IoT for the implementation of intermodal transportation and transportation of dangerous goods (hereinafter referred to as OG) is intended to implement the following functions:

– ensuring high accuracy and efficiency of data on the positioning of containers and wagons with OG;

– control of the integrity of the container or wagon with exhaust gas;

– control of delivery time;

– monitoring of «abandoned» containers or wagons with exhaust

8) The use of IoT to evaluate the efficiency of operation and determine the cost of downtime is aimed at:

– optimizing the turnover time / size of the composition;

– determining the cost of downtime and invoicing;

– documentation of punctuality.

In European countries, the ERTMS system is used to improve traffic safety and control the movement of rolling stock on the site. The operation of this system is based on the principle of preventing train collisions by accurately positioning and controlling trains based on the calculation of the distance «to the target». The implementation of this technology is based on the information interaction of ground sensors, which promptly send data to the train cabin about the final goal and speed, as well as a description of the configuration and condition of infrastructure elements. Based on the analysis of data on the forward train, the speed and mode of train driving are adjusted.

The use of IoT and information about the location and condition of economic trains in the process of construction and repair work will ensure dispatching regulation not according to the standard, but according to the actual condition. There will also be automatic transmission of information about identified potentially dangerous failures and a warning about the necessary measures (speed limit, application for work, etc.) will be generated to prevent the transition of this failure in case of a traffic safety violation.