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An analysis of the use of IoT on various types of transport indicates that this technology has received the greatest development and scaling in the field of motor transport, since the number of motorists exceeds the number of professional pilots, machinists and navigators by an order of magnitude. Based on the use of smartphone data with geolocation connected to a single network, traffic monitoring systems have been built on maps.

The use of cloud solutions provides:

– rational distribution and use of transport resources;

– minimization of the required fleet;

– reduction of mileage by optimizing routes;

– reduction of associated costs.

The applicability of the Internet of Things in the transport industry is considered as follows:

– as an integral part of the vehicle management system: online monitoring of on-board vehicle systems by a service center to prevent maintenance, remote diagnostics, etc.;

– allows you to manage traffic and control: devices collect traffic information and send it directly to the devices of drivers who plan their route based on this information;

– provides new transport scenarios (multimodal transport): the user of a special system will be offered a solution for transportation from point A to B based on all available and suitable vehicles;

– provide autonomous driving and interaction with infrastructure: the interaction between the vehicle and the environment is carried out by considering road navigation systems that combine the localization of the road and the assessment of the shape of the road. [46]

The intelligent movement system is based not on the use of local information space, but on the use of cloud distributed space (cloud) or distributed cyberspace with real mobile units.

The use of cloud technologies allows you to centrally collect a large amount of data in real time:

– on the state of traffic congestion of the road network;

– on the parameters of vehicles (the state of the most critical components and aggregates, speed, congestion, etc.);

– about traffic safety on the route and emergency situations;

– about the environmental situation and the conditions of movement of vehicles depending on the state of the weather and the forecast of its changes;

– about the availability, fuel consumption and location of the nearest filling stations. [66]

For the successful functioning of dispatching and logistics services, the use of the Internet of Things makes it possible to obtain in information systems operational information about the state of transportation with geolocation of vehicles displayed on the map, taking into account restrictions on the movement of certain types of vehicles on highways. [66]

For drivers, the most obvious application of IoT technology is the use of navigators indicating congestion, for passengers – the use of an interactive screen with a public transport schedule. The main advantage is updating these devices online.

Optimal driving routes can be found for motorists due to the fact that data on car speeds in specified areas is processed in the cloud service. This leads to time savings for both drivers and passengers. At the same time, it is possible to reduce the risk of accidents, since there will be less congestion of vehicles.

IoT technologies in the activities of car manufacturers make it possible to significantly improve the work on the release of new models and decision-making on the refinement of existing ones due to the automated collection of a large amount of data on the operation of these vehicles around the world, as well as significantly accelerates the analysis of serial deficiencies. [38] The analysis of the performance of cars and modes of use by drivers of vehicles allows timely release of current software updates, which significantly improves the service provided to consumers.

The introduction of IoT in road transport will allow optimizing the movement of vehicles through analytical algorithms in the network, each vehicle in which is represented as a separate intellectual object. This is necessary for the construction of a new vehicle communication system and the transition from the organization of traffic through intersections through traffic light regulation to intelligent control using wireless communication channels. An alternative option is the use of IoT for intelligent control of traffic light operating modes and the organization of a «green wave» on a section of the road network based on operational data on the structure and capacity of traffic flows. A feature of the application of the «smart traffic light» is the optimal change in the time of the phases of its switching.

Special attention is paid to the organization of prompt and unhindered movement of emergency services to the destination, depending on the current traffic situation, the branching of the road network, the construction of the most rational route, the priority of the movement of these services in the organization of traffic light regulation.

The use of communication between traffic lights reduces fuel consumption and emissions of pollutants into the atmospheric air.

Thus, the introduction of IoT technologies in the automotive industry allows you to reduce congestion at intersections, total travel time, save fuel, reduce emissions of harmful substances from motor transport, reduce the time of emergency services to their destination, organize parking. [72]

1.2.2.1 Road safety system

In the event of an accident, the necessary information about the vehicle, including its exact coordinates, the time of the accident, damage data is automatically transmitted to the server center of the monitoring system and will allow for prompt notification and response of the involved services. [46]

Another direction of IoT implementation is warning about potential dangers on the road and timely detection of deviations of vehicle parameters from regulatory values in order to prevent the occurrence of road accidents and carry out appropriate measures to manage a dangerous failure.

The use of IoT is also aimed at increasing the active safety of cars through the use of intelligent transport systems in operation:

– registration of vehicle movement parameters;

– registration of parameters of road accidents;

– lane departure warnings (LDWS);

– tire air pressure monitoring;

– monitoring of the driver’s condition.

Thus, work is underway to build an IoT ecosystem to improve road safety. In addition to intelligent brake control support, an important factor is monitoring the condition of car tires online, since uneven wear and changes in the parameters of the interaction of wheels with the road surface depend on the actual tire pressure.

The construction of a cloud system will ensure that information about a significant deviation in temperature and tire pressure level from the standards is received on the vehicle’s on-board computer or on the owner’s phone, as well as on the traffic police network resources, in order to identify inconsistencies in their operating modes and promptly take measures to eliminate this incident. Recommendations on the time of the next maintenance are also formed.

Today, many companies are working on projects for the intellectualization of cars. Tesla, Honda, KAMAZ and other automakers have fully autonomous vehicles in the form of concepts and models ready for production.

Along with the development of fully autonomous vehicles, automakers are working on improving driver assistance systems (ADAS) that use V2X and 5G technologies to communicate with other road users.

These include machine learning and big data, the use of sensor information and automation. The idea is that intelligent machines are better than humans at receiving, analyzing and transmitting data. Manufacturers can identify inefficiencies and problems of new models earlier and quickly find solutions to eliminate them.

1.2.2.2 Self-driving cars

An actual trend in recent years is the introduction of autonomous driving technology to improve the efficiency and safety of traffic [46]

Already today, there is a «Connected cars» technology that allows a car to have a permanent bidirectional connection with other devices and machines. It should be noted right away that an increase in the number of such machines will improve the interaction between them.

To date, the following systems of intelligent interaction of objects of the transport process and the environment are distinguished:

V2I (Vehicle to Infrastructure (markings, traffic lights, road signs, etc.)): this type collects information about the infrastructure around the car, about changes in environmental conditions, about safety, etc.;

V2V (Vehicle to vehicle): this type, in turn, collects information and is exchanged by means of wireless technologies with the nearest machines to reduce accidents;

V2C (Vehicle to cloud): allows you to share information with the cloud and use information from other areas related to the cloud, for example, with a smart home;

V2P (Vehicle to people or Vehicle to pedestrian): exchanges information with pedestrians, allows you to increase mobility and reduce accidents on the roads;

V2X (Vehicle to Everything): exchanges information with all vehicles and infrastructure, includes cars, highways, planes, etc.

– V2D (Vehicle to device);

– I2I (infrastructure-to-infrastructure, interaction between different infrastructure elements).

Prospects for using IoT in combination with unmanned vehicles:

– smart home management. When plotting a route to the user’s home, an unmanned vehicle can send a signal to the home equipment to perform certain actions, as well as control the garage door, which will automatically park the unmanned vehicle, and much more;

– route estimation. The car, using IoT technologies, can estimate the route (elevation difference, traffic congestion), thereby optimizing its further movement;

– automatic payment. A simple but convenient way to pay for parking, toll roads, and more;

– reduction of accidents on the roads. The computer responsible for driving the car will be able to automatically receive information about possible concentrations of people in certain areas and take the necessary measures.

Depending on the frequency and specifics of trips, artificial intelligence will be able to predict, for example, the need for a technical inspection or the need to replace tires.