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Census figures.

Оглавление

Before 1841 the census occupation tables do not state the numbers employed in the detailed trades, and even in that year we find either that no separate return was made for some of the industries with which this volume deals, or that no women were employed at all. Presumably, therefore, previous statistics would not have shown that women were employed in these industries to any appreciable extent.

The following tables show the employment of women in England and Wales and Scotland in the Printing and Kindred Trades according to the census returns from 1841 to 1901. The figures must be used with caution, as they include employers as well as employed (an error, however, which is immaterial in the case of women workers). Subsidiary helpers are also classified with those actually entitled to be regarded as members of the trade, and the tables do not discriminate sufficiently between the various subdivisions of occupations. These last two errors considerably affect the figures relating to women. In the bookbinding section, for instance,[4] the figures are altogether misleading, since by far the greater number of women included as bookbinders are really paper and book-folders, and are no more entitled to the name bookbinder than a bricklayer's labourer is to that of bricklayer.

[4] Since 1881 in the Scottish returns.

ENGLAND AND WALES.

Census 1841. (Employers and Employed included.)

Males. Females.
Booksellers, bookbinders, etc. 8,873 2,035
Printers 15,582 161
Lithographers, etc. 667 12
Paper manufacture 4,375 1,287
Paper rulers 113 16
Paper stainers 1,243 92
Type founders 629 6
Vellum binders 131 3

Census 1851. (Employers and Employed included.)

Males. Females.
Bookbinders 5,501 3,926
Printers, etc. 23,568 3,926
Lithographers (Great Britain) 1,984 6
Paper manufacture 6,123 4,686
Paper stainers 2,001 Not enumerated.

Census 1861. (Employers and Employed included.)

Males. Females.
Bookbinders 6,556 5,364
Printers 30,171 419
Lithographers, etc. 3,588
Paper manufacture 7,746 5,611
Machine rulers 564 54
Envelope makers 179 860
Paper stainers 1,556 399
Type founders 863 11

Census 1871. (Employers and Employed included.)

Males. Females.
Bookbinders 7,917 7,557
Printers 44,073 741
Lithographers, etc. 3,785 Not enumerated.
Paper manufacture 10,142 6,630
Envelope makers Not enumerated. 1,477
Paper stainers 1,311 448

Census 1881. (Employers and Employed included.)

Males. Females.
Bookbinders 9,505 10,592
Printers 59,088 2,202
Lithographers, etc 6,009 147
Paper manufacture 10,352 8,277
Envelope makers 175 1,933
Paper stainers 1,822 445
Type cutters and founders 1,137 32

Census 1891.

Employers. Employed. Working on Own Account. Others not Specified. TOTAL.
Bookbinders M. 615 10,038 355 479 11,487
Bookbinders F. 72 13,401 74 702 14,249
Printers M. 3,979 73,288 1,052 3,640 81,959
Printers F. 158 4,133 32 204 4,527
Lithographers, etc. M. 499 7,486 359 292 8,636
Lithographers, etc. F. 9 309 7 24 349
Paper manufacture M. 396 11,081 97 440 12,014
Paper manufacture F. 12 7,598 29 390 8,029
Envelope makers M. 9 260 6 14 289
Envelope makers F. 2 2,339 13 104 2,458
Paper stainers M. 135 1,861 60 78 2,134
Paper stainers F. 10 370 7 16 403
Type cutters and founders M. 35 1,204 23 52 1,314
Type cutters and founders F. 1 49 0 5 55

Census 1901.

Employers. Employed. Working on Own Account. Others not Specified. TOTAL.
Bookbinders M. 554 11,609 388 113 12,664
Bookbinders F. 46 18,933 82 162 19,223
Printers M. 4,805 89,306 1,603 774 96,488
Printers F. 117 9,463 48 65 9,693
Lithographers, etc. M. 496 9,648 445 93 10,682
Lithographers, etc. F. 7 1,015 14 7 1,043
Paper manufacture M. 337 14,920 47 55 15,359
Paper manufacture F. 11 8,815 7 18 8,851
Envelope makers M. 14 352 1 3 370
Envelope makers F. 6 3,113 1 23 3,143
Paper stainers M. 45 1,928 34 25 2,032
Paper stainers F. 2 280 1 4 287
Type cutters and founders M. 35 1,223 15 14 1,287
Type cutters and founders F. 0 181 0 2 183
Stationary manufacture M. 352 3,910 91 28 4,381
Stationary manufacture F. 24 4,615 12 47 4,698

SCOTLAND.

Census 1841. (Employers and Employed included.)

Males. Females.
Booksellers, bookbinders, etc. 2,164 283
Printers 2,446 21
Lithographers, etc. 234 1
Paper manufacture 732 738
Paper rulers 61 8
Paper stainers 31 1
Type founders 292

Census 1851. (Employers and Employed included.)

Males. Females.
Bookbinders 1,091 710
Printers, etc. 3,526 710
Paper manufacture 1,265 2,159
Paper stainers 49 Not enumerated.

Census 1861. (Employers and Employed included.)

Males. Females.
Bookbinders 1,174 100
Printers 4,400 70
Lithographers, etc. 1,101 2
Engravers 651 6
Bookfolders 2 1,094
Machine rulers 171 18
Paper manufacture 1,648 2,773
Envelope makers 5 309
Paper stainers 77
Type founders 434

Census 1871. (Employers and Employed included.)

Males. Females.
Bookbinders 1,293 174
Printers 5,476 113
Lithographers, etc. 1,125 36
Print and map colourers 192 57
Bookfolders 1,646
Paper manufacture 2,770 3,504
Envelope makers 7 412
Paper rulers 214 100
Paper stainers 110 50
Type founders 496

Census 1881. (Employers and Employed included.)

Males. Females.
Bookbinders 1,433 2,587[x]
Printers 6,936 839
Lithographers, etc. 1,269 153
Map and print colourers and sellers 50 41
Paper rulers 188 115
Paper manufacture 3,363 4,612
Envelope makers 32 580
Paper stainers 34 97
Type cutters and founders 471 71

[x] Bookfolders are included here.

Census 1891.

Employers. Employed. Working on Own Account. Others not Specified. TOTAL.
Bookbinders M. 68 1,413 13 22 1,516
Bookbinders F. 3 2,865 3 18 2,889
Printers M. 322 8,367 69 84 8,842
Printers F. 5 1,417 1 7 1,430
Lithographers, etc. M. 109 1,516 22 10 1,657
Lithographers, etc. F. 397 1 2 400
Paper rulers M. 10 315 1 13 339
Paper rulers F. 1 192 4 197
Paper manufacture M. 107 4,332 21 51 4,511
Paper manufacture F. 3 4,546 4 66 4,619
Envelope makers M. 3 33 2 38
Envelope makers F. 698 1 699
Paper stainers M. 6 113 1 120
Paper stainers F. 28 28
Type cutters and founders M. 9 496 3 4 512
Type cutters and founders F. 75 75

Census 1901.

Employers. Employed. Working on Own Account. Others not Specified. TOTAL.
Bookbinders M. 67 1,422 16 1,505
Bookbinders F. 4 3,522 4 3,530
Printers. M. 378 9,643 54 2 10,077
Printers. F. 7 2,852 1 2,860
Lithographers, etc. M. 87 1,640 25 1,752
Lithographers, etc. F. 2 728 1 731
Paper manufacture M. 103 4,860 6 1 5,000
Paper manufacture F. 2 4,653 4,655
Envelope makers M. 4 53 57
Envelope makers F. 1 895 896
Paper stainers M. 1 120 1 122
Paper stainers F. 52 1 53
Type cutters and founders M. 6 419 5 430
Type cutters and founders F. 53 53
Stationery manufacture M. 22 95 1 118
Stationery manufacture F. 1 492 3 496
Women in the Printing Trades: A Sociological Study

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