Читать книгу Additives for Water-borne Coatings - Wernfried Heilen - Страница 4
Оглавление1 Foreword
2 1 Introduction 1.1 Literature
3 2 Wetting and dispersing additives 2.1 Modes of action 2.1.1 Pigment wetting 2.1.2 Grinding 2.1.3 Stabilisation 2.1.4 Influences on formulation 2.2 Chemical structures 2.2.1 Polyacrylate salts 2.2.2 Polyphosphates 2.2.3 Fatty acid and fatty alcohol derivatives 2.2.4 Acrylic copolymers 2.2.5 Maleic anhydride copolymers 2.2.6 Alkyl phenol ethoxylates 2.2.7 Alkyl phenol ethoxylate replacements 2.3 Wetting and dispersing additives in different market segments 2.3.1 Architectural coatings 2.3.2 Wood and furniture coatings 2.3.3 Industrial coatings 2.3.4 Printing inks 2.4 Tips and tricks 2.5 Test methods 2.5.1 Particle size 2.5.2 Colour strength 2.5.3 Rub-out 2.5.4 Viscosity 2.5.5 Zeta potential 2.6 Summary 2.7 Literature
4 3 Defoaming of coating systems 3.1 Defoaming mechanisms 3.1.1 Foam 3.2 Defoamers 3.2.1 Composition of defoamers 3.2.2 Defoaming mechanisms 3.3 Chemistry and formulation of defoamers 3.3.1 Active ingredients in defoamers 3.3.2 Defoamer formulations 3.3.3 Suppliers of defoamers 3.4 Product recommendations for different binders 3.4.1 Acrylic emulsions 3.4.2 Styrene acrylic emulsions 3.4.3 Vinyl acetate-based emulsions 3.4.4 Polyurethane dispersions 3.5 Product choice according to field of application 3.5.1 Influence of the pigment volume concentration (PVC) 3.5.2 Method of incorporating the defoamer 3.5.3 Application of shear forces during application 3.5.4 Surfactant content of the formulation 3.5.5 Recommended tests for evaluating defoamers 3.6 Tips and tricks 3.7 Summary 3.8 Literature
5 4 Synthetic rheology modifiers 4.1 General assessment of rheology modifiers 4.1.1 Market overview 4.1.2 Basic characteristics of rheology additives 4.1.3 Main rheology modifiers 4.1.4 ASE, HASE and HEUR chemistry 4.2 Requirements for rheology modifiers 4.2.1 Rheology 4.2.2 Case study 4.3 Ethoxylated and hydrophobic non-ionic thickeners 4.3.1 Associative properties of non-ionic additives 4.3.2 From self-association to purely associative behaviour 4.3.3 Associating mechanism for telechelic HEUR 4.3.4 Associating mechanism of water-soluble polymers 4.3.5 Associative behaviour of HEUR 4.3.6 Mechanism of latex associativity – associative thickeners 4.4 Alkali-swellable emulsions: ASEs and HASEs 4.4.1 Description 4.4.2 Associative properties of HASE copolymer solutions 4.4.3 ASEs 4.5 Influence of the latex’s characteristicson associative behaviour 4.5.1 Role played by the specific surface of latex particles 4.5.2 Influence of the nature of latex particle stabilisation 4.5.3 Influence of the density of acid groups on particles 4.5.4 Impact of particle surface energy 4.6 Influence of additives in the continuous phase 4.6.1 Effect of surfactants 4.6.2 Effect of co-solvents 4.6.3 Influence of variations in the constituents of the pigment phase 4.7 New trends in rheological profile requirement 4.8 Literature
6 5 Substrate wetting additives 5.1 Mechanism of action 5.1.1 Water as a solvent 5.1.2 Surface tension 5.1.3 Reason of the surface tension 5.1.4 Effect of the high surface tension of water 5.1.5 Substrate wetting additives are surfactants 5.1.6 Mode of action of substrate wetting additives 5.1.7 Further general properties of substrate wetting additives/side effects 5.2 Chemical structure of substrate wetting additives 5.2.1 Basic properties of substrate wetting additives 5.2.2 Chemical structure of substrate wetting additives important in coatings 5.3 Application of substrate wetting additives 5.3.1 Basic properties of various chemical classes 5.3.2 Reduction of static surface tension 5.3.3 Possible foam stabilisation 5.3.4 Effective reduction in static surface tension versus flow 5.3.5 Reduction of dynamic surface tension 5.3.6 Which property correlates with which practical application? 5.4 Use of substrate wetting additives in different market sectors 5.5 Tips and tricks 5.5.1 Successful use of substrate wetting additives in coatings 5.5.2 Metallic shades 5.6 Test methods for measuring surface tension 5.6.1 Static surface tension 5.6.2 Dynamic surface tension 5.6.3 Dynamic versus static 5.6.4 Further practical test methods 5.6.5 Analytical test methods 5.7 Literature
7 6 Improving performance with co-binders 6.1 Preparation of co-binders 6.1.1 Secondary dispersions 6.2 Applications of co-binders 6.2.1 Co-binders for better property profiles 6.2.2 Co-binders for pigment pastes 6.3 Summary 6.4 Literature
8 7 Deaerators 7.1 Mode of action of deaerators 7.1.1 Dissolution of micro-foam 7.1.2 Rise of micro-foam bubbles in the coating film 7.1.3 How to prevent micro-foam in coating films 7.1.4 How deaerators combat micro-foam 7.2 Chemical composition of deaerators 7.2.1 Silicone based products 7.2.2 Silicone-free products 7.3 Main applications according to binder systems 7.4 Main applications by market segment 7.5 Tips and tricks 7.6 Evaluating the effectiveness of deaerators 7.6.1 Test method for low to medium viscosity coating formulations 7.6.2 Test method for medium to high viscosity coating formulations 7.6.3 Further test methods for micro-foam 7.7 Conclusion 7.8 Literature
9 8 Flow and levelling additives 8.1 Mode of action 8.1.1 Mode of action in water-borne systems without co-solvents 8.1.2 Sagging 8.1.3 Total film flow 8.1.4 Mode of action in water-borne systems with co-solvents 8.1.5 Mode of action in an example of a thermosetting water-borne system with co-solvents 8.1.6 Surface tension gradients 8.1.7 Summary 8.2 Chemistry of active ingredients 8.2.1 Polyether siloxanes 8.2.2 Polyacrylates 8.2.3 Side effects of polyether siloxanes 8.2.4 Slip 8.3 Film formation 8.4 Main applications by market segment 8.4.1 Industrial metal coating 8.4.2 Industrial coatings 8.4.3 Architectural coatings 8.5 Conclusion 8.6 Test methods 8.6.1 Measurement of flow 8.6.2 Measuring flow and sagging by DMA 8.6.3 Measuring the surface slip properties 8.6.4 Blocking resistance 8.7 Literature
10 9 Wax additives 9.1 Raw material wax 9.1.1 Natural waxes 9.1.2 Semi-synthetic and synthetic waxes 9.2 From wax to wax additives 9.2.1 Wax and water 9.2.2 Micronized wax additives 9.3 Wax additives for the coating industry 9.3.1 Mode of action 9.3.2 Coating properties 9.4 Summary
11 10 Light stabilisers 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Light and photo-oxidative degradation 10.3 Stabilisation options for polymers 10.3.1 UV absorbers 10.3.2 Radical scavengers 10.4 Light stabilisers 10.4.1 Market overview 10.4.2 Application fields and market segments 10.5 Conclusions 10.6 Test methods and analytical determination 10.6.1 UV absorbers 10.6.2 HALS 10.6.3 Weathering methods and evaluation criteria 10.7 Literature
12 11 In-can and dry film preservation 11.1 Sustainable and effective in-can and dry film preservation 11.2 In-can preservation 11.2.1 Types of active ingredients 11.2.2 Selection of active ingredients for the preservation system 11.2.3 Plant hygiene 11.3 Dry film preservation 11.3.1 Conventional dry film preservatives 11.3.2 New, “old” actives 11.3.3 Improvements in the ecotoxicological properties 11.4 External determining factors 11.5 Prospects
13 12 Hydrophobing agents 12.1 Mode of action 12.1.1 Capillary water absorption 12.1.2 Hydrophobicity 12.1.3 How hydrophobing agents work 12.2 Chemical structures 12.2.1 Linear polysiloxanes and organofunctional polysiloxanes 12.2.2 Silicone resins/silicone resin emulsions 12.2.3 Other hydrophobing agents 12.2.4 Production of linear polysiloxanes 12.2.5 Production of silicone resin emulsions 12.3 Water-borne architectural paints 12.3.1 Synthetic emulsion paints 12.3.2 Silicate emulsion paints 12.3.3 Emulsion paints with silicate character (SIL paints) 12.3.4 Siloxane architectural paints with strong water-beading effect 12.3.5 Silicone resin emulsion paints 12.4 Conclusions 12.5 Appendix 12.5.1 Façade protection theory according to Künzel 12.5.2 Measurement of capillary water absorption (w-value) 12.5.3 Water vapour diffusion (s-value) 12.5.4 Simulated dirt pick-up 12.5.5 Pigment-volume concentration (PVC): 12.6 Literature
14 13 Functional silica with unique properties 13.1 Natural versus synthetic silica 13.1.1 Gas phase process: fumed silica 13.1.2 Conventional wet process: precipitated silica and silica gel 13.1.3 Continuous process technology for spherical precipitated silica 13.2 Particle characteristics 13.2.1 Particle size and particle size distribution 13.2.2 The significance of filler particle morphology in coatings 13.2.3 Spherical precipitated filler performance in architectural paints 13.3 Test methods 13.4 Results 13.5 Spherical precipitates and paint rheology 13.6 Conclusion 13.7 Literature
15 Authors
