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William J. Ray
Abnormal Psychology
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Abnormal Psychology
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Abnormal Psychology
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Brief Contents
Detailed Contents
Preface
Development of Brain Imaging
Development of an Evolutionary Perspective
Implications for Treatment
New Perspectives in Abnormal Psychology
This Text
This Second Edition
Chapter 1: An Overview of Psychopathology and Changing Conceptualizations of Mental Illness
Chapter 2: Neuroscience Approaches to Understanding Psychopathology
Chapter 3: Research Methods
Chapter 4: Assessment and Classification of Psychological Disorders
Chapter 5: Disorders of Childhood
Chapter 6: Mood Disorders and Suicide
Chapter 7: Stress, Trauma, and Psychopathology
Chapter 8: Anxiety Disorder and Obsessive-Compulsive Disorders
Chapter 9: Dissociative Disorders and Somatic Symptom Disorders
Chapter 10: Eating Disorders
Chapter 11: Sexual Disorders and Gender Dysphoria
Chapter 12: Substance-Related and Addictive Disorders
Chapter 13: Schizophrenia
Chapter 14: Personality Disorders
Chapter 15: Neurocognitive Disorders
Chapter 16: The Law and Mental Health
Acknowledgments
Digital Resources
For Instructors
For Students
About the Author
1 An Overview of Psychopathology and Changing Conceptualizations of Mental Illness
Chapter Outline
Learning Objectives
Understanding Psychopathology: Definitions and Key Considerations
Defining Psychopathology and Understanding Its Components
Stigma and Mental Disorders
The Three Major Themes of This Book
Levels of Analysis
American Attitudes Toward Mental Illness
Biopsychosocial Approach
The Relation of Evolution and Culture to Psychopathology
Global Mental Health: Available Treatment
Is Psychopathology Universal?
Historical Considerations in Understanding Psychopathology
Ancient Greek and Roman Influences—Mental Illness Involves the Brain
Psychopathology in the Middle Ages
From the Renaissance to the 1700s—The Beginning of Modern Science
Discovering the Function of the Brain in Behavior and Psychopathology
The 1700s to the 1900s
A Growing Understanding of the Role of Evolution
A Search for Organization
Care for Those With Mental Disorders
Closing Mental Hospitals in America
From the Past to the Present
Biological Approaches to Treating Mental Illness
Psychological Treatment Perspectives in the Twentieth Century
Psychodynamic Perspectives on Treatment
Sigmund Freud
Existential-Humanistic Perspectives
Behavioral and Cognitive Behavioral Perspectives
Summary
Study Resources Review Questions
Key Terms and Concepts
2 Neuroscience Approaches to Understanding Psychopathology
Chapter Outline
Learning Objectives
The Growing Importance of Neuroscience, Genetics, and an Evolutionary Perspective
Brain Anatomy, Neurons, and Neurotransmitters
A Quick Review of Brain Anatomy and Function
Neurons and Neural Transmission
How Does the Neuron Pass Information?
Major Neurotransmitters
Encoding Information
How Do We Observe the Brain at Work?
Electroencephalography
Evoked Potentials
Magnetoencephalography
Positron Emission Tomography
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Diffusion Tensor Imaging
Spatial and Temporal Resolution
Neuroethics
Using Brain Imaging to Understand Culture
Neuroethics: Ethical Considerations When Using Neuroscience Techniques
Networks of the Brain
Neurons Connect in a Network
What Is the Brain’s Default (Intrinsic) Network?
Different Networks Are Involved in Different Tasks
Genetics and Psychopathology
The Study of Genetics
What Do Genes Do?
DNA
How Do Genes Influence Behavior?
Epigenetic Processes
Mitochondria and Mitochondrial Inheritance
What Are Endophenotypes?
Evolution and Psychopathology
The Themes of Evolution
Psychopathology From an Evolutionary Perspective
Summary
Study Resources Review Questions
Key Terms and Concepts
3 Research Methods
Chapter Outline
Learning Objectives
What Is Science?
Nonexperimental Methods of Psychological Research
Case Study
Naturalistic Observation: Just Looking
Correlational Approach: What Goes With What
The Experimental Method: Making It Happen
Definitions in the Experimental Method
Does Playing Music Change the Brain?
Logic and Inference: The Detective Work of Science
Validity
What Do I Expect to Happen?
Designing an Experimental Study
Participants in the Study
Putting Participants in Groups
Designing and Structuring the Experimental Study
Is the Dependent Variable Related to the Independent Variable?
Null Hypothesis and Inferential Statistics
Confound Hypothesis
Research Hypothesis
Randomized Controlled Trials of Global Mental Health Treatments in Low- and Middle-Income Countries
Other Types of Experimental Designs and Research Considerations
Single-Subject Designs
Longitudinal Research
Epidemiological Research
Research Involving Genetics
Behavioral Genetics
Clinical and Statistical Significance
Replication and Meta-Analysis
Treatment and Clinical Perspectives: Failure to Publish the Results of All Clinical Trials Is Hurting Medical Science
Ethics and the Scientific Experiment
The Experiment as an Ethical Problem
Ingredients of the Initial Scientist–Participant Dialogue
Voluntary Participation
Informed Consent
The Rights of the Research Participant and the Responsibilities of the Experimenter
What Is Harmful to a Research Participant?
The Institutional Review Board
The Ethical Relationship
Summary
Study Resources Review Questions
Key Terms and Concepts
4 Assessment and Classification of Psychological Disorders
Chapter Outline
Learning Objectives
Initial Assessment and the Mental Status Exam
The Clinical Interview
The Mental Status Exam
Structured Interviews and Assessment Considerations
Structured Clinical Interview for DSM Disorders
Assessing Cultural Dimensions
Empirically Supported Research Approaches and Cultural Competence
Reliability and Validity in Relation to Psychopathology
Reliability
Assessment Validity
Models of Assessment
Symptom Questionnaires
Personality Tests
Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)
Projective Tests
Rorschach Inkblots
Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)
Neuropsychological Testing
Neuropsychological Tests and Mental Illness
Using Neuroscience Techniques to Identify Mental Illness
Diagnostic Considerations in Psychopathology
Categorical Versus Dimensional Approaches
Comorbidity, Internalizing Disorders, and Externalizing Disorders
Utilizing Neuroscience Methods in Diagnosis and Treatment
Classification Systems for Mental Disorders
International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
Origins of the DSM
Early Versions of the DSM and the Eventual Focus on Diagnostic Criteria
DSM–5: The Current Version
Assessment, Classification, and Clinical Practice: The RDoC Alternative to the DSM
Summary
Study Resources Review Questions
Key Terms and Concepts
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