Читать книгу Abnormal Psychology - William J. Ray - Страница 8
Detailed Contents
Оглавление1 Preface
3 Chapter 1 • An Overview of Psychopathology and Changing Conceptualizations of Mental IllnessUnderstanding Psychopathology: Definitions and Key ConsiderationsDefining Psychopathology and Understanding Its ComponentsStigma and Mental DisordersThe Three Major Themes of This BookLevels of AnalysisLENS: American Attitudes Toward Mental IllnessBiopsychosocial ApproachThe Relation of Evolution and Culture to PsychopathologyCultural LENS: Global Mental Health: Available TreatmentIs Psychopathology Universal?Historical Considerations in Understanding PsychopathologyAncient Greek and Roman Influences—Mental Illness Involves the BrainPsychopathology in the Middle AgesFrom the Renaissance to the 1700s—The Beginning of Modern ScienceDiscovering the Function of the Brain in Behavior and PsychopathologyThe 1700s to the 1900sA Growing Understanding of the Role of EvolutionA Search for OrganizationCare for Those With Mental DisordersLENS: Closing Mental Hospitals in AmericaFrom the Past to the PresentBiological Approaches to Treating Mental IllnessPsychological Treatment Perspectives in the Twentieth CenturyPsychodynamic Perspectives on TreatmentSigmund FreudExistential-Humanistic PerspectivesBehavioral and Cognitive Behavioral PerspectivesSummaryStudy ResourcesReview QuestionsFor Further ReadingKey Terms and ConceptsSAGE edge
4 Chapter 2 • Neuroscience Approaches to Understanding PsychopathologyThe Growing Importance of Neuroscience, Genetics, and an Evolutionary PerspectiveBrain Anatomy, Neurons, and NeurotransmittersA Quick Review of Brain Anatomy and FunctionNeurons and Neural TransmissionHow Does the Neuron Pass Information?Major NeurotransmittersEncoding InformationHow Do We Observe the Brain at Work?ElectroencephalographyEvoked PotentialsMagnetoencephalographyPositron Emission TomographyFunctional Magnetic Resonance ImagingDiffusion Tensor ImagingSpatial and Temporal ResolutionNeuroethicsCultural LENS: Using Brain Imaging to Understand CultureLENS: Neuroethics: Ethical Considerations When Using Neuroscience TechniquesNetworks of the BrainNeurons Connect in a NetworkWhat Is the Brain’s Default (Intrinsic) Network?Different Networks Are Involved in Different TasksGenetics and PsychopathologyThe Study of GeneticsWhat Do Genes Do?DNAHow Do Genes Influence Behavior?Epigenetic ProcessesMitochondria and Mitochondrial InheritanceWhat Are Endophenotypes?Evolution and PsychopathologyThe Themes of EvolutionPsychopathology From an Evolutionary PerspectiveSummaryStudy ResourcesReview QuestionsFor Further ReadingKey Terms and ConceptsSAGE edge
5 Chapter 3 • Research MethodsWhat Is Science?Nonexperimental Methods of Psychological ResearchCase StudyNaturalistic Observation: Just LookingCorrelational Approach: What Goes With WhatThe Experimental Method: Making It HappenDefinitions in the Experimental MethodDoes Playing Music Change the Brain?Logic and Inference: The Detective Work of ScienceValidityWhat Do I Expect to Happen?Designing an Experimental StudyParticipants in the StudyPutting Participants in GroupsDesigning and Structuring the Experimental StudyIs the Dependent Variable Related to the Independent Variable?Null Hypothesis and Inferential StatisticsConfound HypothesisResearch HypothesisCultural LENS: Randomized Controlled Trials of Global Mental Health Treatments in Low- and Middle-Income CountriesOther Types of Experimental Designs and Research ConsiderationsSingle-Subject DesignsLongitudinal ResearchEpidemiological ResearchResearch Involving GeneticsBehavioral GeneticsClinical and Statistical SignificanceReplication and Meta-AnalysisLENS: Treatment and Clinical Perspectives: Failure to Publish the Results of All Clinical Trials Is Hurting Medical ScienceEthics and the Scientific ExperimentThe Experiment as an Ethical ProblemIngredients of the Initial Scientist–Participant DialogueVoluntary ParticipationInformed ConsentThe Rights of the Research Participant and the Responsibilities of the ExperimenterWhat Is Harmful to a Research Participant?The Institutional Review BoardThe Ethical RelationshipSummaryStudy ResourcesReview QuestionsFor Further ReadingKey Terms and ConceptsSAGE edge
6 Chapter 4 • Assessment and Classification of Psychological DisordersInitial Assessment and the Mental Status ExamThe Clinical InterviewThe Mental Status ExamStructured Interviews and Assessment ConsiderationsStructured Clinical Interview for DSM DisordersAssessing Cultural DimensionsCultural LENS: Empirically Supported Research Approaches and Cultural CompetenceReliability and Validity in Relation to PsychopathologyReliabilityAssessment ValidityModels of AssessmentSymptom QuestionnairesPersonality TestsMinnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)Projective TestsRorschach InkblotsThematic Apperception Test (TAT)Neuropsychological TestingNeuropsychological Tests and Mental IllnessUsing Neuroscience Techniques to Identify Mental IllnessDiagnostic Considerations in PsychopathologyCategorical Versus Dimensional ApproachesComorbidity, Internalizing Disorders, and Externalizing DisordersUtilizing Neuroscience Methods in Diagnosis and TreatmentClassification Systems for Mental DisordersInternational Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health ProblemsDiagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental DisordersOrigins of the DSMEarly Versions of the DSM and the Eventual Focus on Diagnostic CriteriaDSM–5: The Current VersionLENS: Assessment, Classification, and Clinical Practice: The RDoC Alternative to the DSMSummaryStudy ResourcesReview QuestionsFor Further ReadingKey Terms and ConceptsSAGE edge
7 Chapter 5 • Disorders of ChildhoodImportant Aspects of Normal Child DevelopmentBrain DevelopmentEffects of Early Life StressTheories of AttachmentHarry Harlow’s Experiments With Infant MonkeysJohn Bowlby’s Research on AttachmentMary Ainsworth’s Work and Styles of AttachmentLong-Term Consequences of Early Attachment PatternsImitation LearningCultural LENS: Romania Adoption StudyTheory of MindAdolescenceSocial Brain in AdolescenceRisk Taking in AdolescenceBrain Systems Involved in Social RelationsThe Importance of the Prefrontal CortexRecent Neuroscience Research Highlighting Brain ProcessesAttachment Disorders, Conduct Disorder, and Oppositional Defiant DisorderAttachment DisordersConduct DisorderOppositional Defiant DisorderCASE OF ROBERT: Conduct DisorderTreatment for Conduct Disorder and Oppositional Defiant DisorderCultural LENS: School Shootings Around the WorldAutism Spectrum DisorderCharacteristics of Autism Spectrum DisorderUnderstanding Changes in DSM–5: Autism Spectrum DisorderCauses of Autism Spectrum DisorderBrain Contributions to Autism Spectrum DisorderAbility to Systemize in AutismSpecial TalentsTreatment for Autism Spectrum DisorderAttention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and Learning DisordersADHDPrevalence and Characteristics of ADHDCauses of ADHDLENS: Do Adults With ADHD Have a Different Disorder From That Seen in Children?Treatment for ADHDLearning DisabilitiesIntellectual Developmental DisorderCharacteristics of Intellectual Developmental DisorderLevels of FunctioningCauses of Intellectual Developmental DisorderIDD Related to ChromosomesIDD Related to MetabolismIDD Related to GestationTreatment for Intellectual Development DisorderSummaryStudy ResourcesReview QuestionsFor Further ReadingKey Terms and ConceptsSAGE edge
8 Chapter 6 • Mood Disorders and SuicideIntroducing Mood DisordersCultural LENS: Mood Disorders Around the WorldMajor Depressive DisorderCharacteristics and Symptoms of Major Depressive DisorderUnderstanding Changes in DSM–5—Grief ExceptionCauses of DepressionDevelopmental Aspects of DepressionCognitive Model of DepressionAre Depression and Inflammation Related?Evidence That Depression Runs in FamiliesThe Evolutionary Perspective Concerning DepressionResource ConservationLENS: Everyday Social Behavior During a Major Depressive EpisodeSocial CompetitionSocial Risk HypothesisTreatment for DepressionBiological and Neuroscience Treatments for DepressionMedications for DepressionElectroconvulsive TherapyVagal Nerve StimulationTranscranial Magnetic StimulationDeep Brain StimulationPsychological Treatments for DepressionCognitive TherapyEmotion-Focused TherapyPsychodynamic TherapyEfforts to Prevent DepressionBipolar DisorderTypes and Characteristics of Bipolar DisorderDiagnosis of Bipolar DisorderBipolar I DisorderBipolar II DisorderCyclothymic DisorderPrevalence of Bipolar DisorderCauses of Bipolar DisorderGenetics of Bipolar DisorderBipolar Disorder and CreativityBrain Imaging and Bipolar DisorderNeurotransmitter DysregulationEnvironmental FactorsTreatment for Bipolar DisorderPsychological Treatments for Bipolar DisorderMedications for Bipolar DisorderSuicideCultural and Gender Differences in SuicideSuicide Underreporting and Methods Used in Suicide AttemptsEndophenotypes and SuicideLong-Term and Short-Term Factors Related to SuicideSuicide in the MilitaryLENS: Suicide Among College StudentsPreventing SuicideSummaryStudy ResourcesReview QuestionsFor Further ReadingKey Terms and ConceptsSAGE edge
9 Chapter 7 • Stress, Trauma, and PsychopathologyPsychological Stress and PsychopathologyDoes Trauma Produce Mental Illness?The Physiological Mechanisms Related to Stress and TraumaWhat Makes You Run From Bears? Stress and the Hypothalamic–Pituitary–Adrenal AxisThe Autonomic Nervous SystemPsychological Stress and the Immune SystemTrauma Changes Our Genes Through Tagging (Epigenetics)Is Social Pain Like Physical Pain?The Study of StressDoes Fight or Flight Apply Equally to Males and Females?Does Social Stress Produce a Similar Reaction to Physical Stress?Trauma- and Stressor-Related Disorders in DSM–5Adjustment DisordersAcute Stress DisorderPost-Traumatic Stress DisorderLENS: Does Debriefing Help Prevent PTSD?Causes, Characteristics, and Prevalence of PTSDDSM–5 Criteria for PTSDThe Physiological Aspects of Post-Traumatic Stress DisorderCASE OF VICTORIA ENGLISH: Post-Traumatic Stress DisorderTreatment for Post-Traumatic Stress DisorderUnderstanding Changes in DSM–5: PTSD Definitions in DSM–IV and DSM–5LENS: Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder and Suicide in the MilitarySummaryStudy ResourcesReview QuestionsFor Further ReadingKey Terms and ConceptsSAGE edge
10 Chapter 8 • Anxiety Disorders and Obsessive-Compulsive DisordersOverview of Anxiety DisordersThe Nature of Anxiety and Evolutionary ExplanationsCognitive Processes in AnxietyNeurobiology of Anxiety DisordersDevelopmental Aspects of AnxietyModels of Anxiety DevelopmentAnxiety Disorders Around the WorldCultural LENS: Global Mental Health: Anxiety DisordersMajor Types of Anxiety DisordersSeparation Anxiety DisorderGeneralized Anxiety DisorderTreatment for Generalized Anxiety DisorderPsychological TreatmentBiological TreatmentCASE OF ADAM CALDWELL: Generalized Anxiety DisorderSocial Anxiety DisorderLENS: Anxiety and the Prescribing of BenzodiazepinesNeuroscience Aspects of Social AnxietyTreatment for Social Anxiety DisorderAgoraphobiaSpecific PhobiaNeuroscience Aspects of Specific PhobiasTreatment for Specific PhobiasPanic DisorderNeuroscience Aspects of Panic DisorderTreatment for Panic DisorderObsessive-Compulsive DisorderCharacteristics, Prevalence, and Significant Aspects of OCDOther DSM–5 Disorders Categorized With OCDUnderstanding Changes in DSM–5: Obsessive-Compulsive and Related DisordersBrain Processes Associated With OCDTreatment for OCDSummaryStudy ResourcesReview QuestionsFor Further ReadingKey Terms and ConceptsSAGE edge
11 Chapter 9 • Dissociative Disorders and Somatic Symptom DisordersDissociative DisordersDepersonalization/Derealization DisorderTWO CASE STUDIES: DepersonalizationDissociative AmnesiaCASE OF MICHAEL BOATWRIGHT: Dissociative AmnesiaDissociative Identity DisorderLENS: Multiple Personality and the MediaTreatment for Dissociative DisordersUnderstanding Changes in DSM–5: Dissociative DisordersSomatic Symptom and Related DisordersSomatic System DisorderIllness Anxiety DisorderCultural LENS: Culture and Somatic SymptomsConversion DisorderFactitious DisorderTreatment for Somatic Symptom DisordersLENS: Awareness of the Body and the BrainSummaryStudy ResourcesReview QuestionsFor Further ReadingKey Terms and ConceptsSAGE edge
12 Chapter 10 • Eating DisordersOverview: Feeding Disorders, Obesity, and Eating DisordersFeeding DisordersPicaRumination DisorderAvoidant/Restrictive Food Intake DisorderThe Problem of ObesityNeuroscience Aspects of ObesityCultural LENS: Reducing Obesity WorldwideDifferences in the View of Ideal Weight Between Males and FemalesThe Major Eating DisordersAnorexia NervosaCharacteristics of Anorexia NervosaNeuroscience and AnorexiaCauses of Anorexia NervosaTreating Anorexia NervosaLENS: Eating Disorders and Your GutBulimia NervosaCharacteristics and Prevalence of Bulimia NervosaCauses of Bulimia NervosaTreating Bulimia NervosaCASE OF ANNE HART: Bulimia NervosaLENS: Eating Disorders and SportsBinge Eating DisorderUnderstanding Changes in DSM–5: Eating DisordersSummaryStudy ResourcesReview QuestionsFor Further ReadingKey Terms and ConceptsSAGE edge
13 Chapter 11 • Sexuality Disorders and Gender DysphoriaSexuality in ContextHistorical PerspectivesRecent Studies on the Sexual Activities of AmericansCultural LENS: Sexuality and the Clashing of CulturesSexual Desire, Arousal, and ResponseYour Brain and Sexual ActivityNormal Sexual FunctioningSexual Dysfunction DisordersErectile DisorderFemale Orgasmic DisorderDelayed EjaculationEarly EjaculationFemale Sexual Interest/Arousal DisorderMale Hypoactive Sexual Desire DisorderGenito-Pelvic Pain/Penetration DisorderTreatment Approaches for Sexual Dysfunction DisordersSex TherapyMedications and Other TreatmentsParaphilic DisordersExhibitionistic DisorderFrotteuristic DisorderFetishistic DisorderPedophilic DisorderSexual Masochism DisorderSexual Sadism DisorderTransvestic DisorderVoyeuristic DisorderOther Paraphilic DisordersCauses of and Treatment Approaches for Paraphilic DisordersCASE OF GEORGE NADEL: Court-Mandated Treatment for Child Pornography PossessionGender DysphoriaGender Roles, Gender Identity, and Gender DysphoriaDevelopment, Characteristics, and Prevalence of Gender DysphoriaThe Brain and Gender DysphoriaProviding Assistance for Individuals With Gender DysphoriaLENS: Transgender: Bruce Jenner’s Journey to Caitlyn JennerUnderstanding Changes in DSM–5: Sexual and Gender-Related ExperiencesSummaryStudy ResourcesReview QuestionsFor Further ReadingKey Terms and ConceptsSAGE edge
14 Chapter 12 • Substance-Related and Addictive DisordersDrug Use in the United StatesSubstance Abuse, Dependence, and AddictionSubstance Disorders in DSM-5 and ICD-10Who Becomes Addicted?Genetic, Environmental, and Evolutionary InfluencesPattern of AddictionCan Drugs Change Your Brain?AlcoholDSM–5 Alcohol-Related DisordersUnderstanding Changes in DSM–5: Substance-Related and Addictive DisordersCASE OF RICHARD THOMPSON: Alcohol Use DisorderEffects of Alcohol on the Human BodyModerate, Heavy, and Binge DrinkingRates of DrinkingDo People Who Drink More Like It More?Marijuana, Hallucinogens, and OpioidsCannabisLENS: The Legalization of MarijuanaCannabis and PsychosisHallucinogensOpioidsDo You Have Opioid Receptors in Your Brain?Stimulants: Cocaine, Amphetamines, Caffeine, and NicotineCocaineCocaine, Dopamine, and Your BrainAmphetaminesAmphetamines as a MedicineCaffeineTobacco and NicotineGamblingTreatment of Substance-Related DisordersPrinciples of Effective TreatmentLENS: Drug Use—Rehabilitation, Not JailPsychosocial Therapies and AddictionThe 12-Step ProgramControlled Drinking ApproachesMedications Used to Treat AddictionSummaryStudy ResourcesReview QuestionsFor Further ReadingKey Terms and ConceptsSAGE edge
15 Chapter 13 • SchizophreniaSchizophrenia Basics: Prevalence, Course, and SymptomsPrevalence and Course of SchizophreniaPositive and Negative SymptomsLENS: Elyn Saks Describes Her Day-to-Day Experiences With SchizophreniaPositive SymptomsNegative SymptomsMultilevel Process for Diagnosing SchizophreniaAre There Subtypes of Schizophrenia?Understanding Changes in DSM–5: SchizophreniaHistorical and Evolutionary Perspectives on SchizophreniaHistorical PerspectiveCASE OF JAMES STERN: SchizophreniaEvolutionary PerspectiveFactors in the Development of SchizophreniaGenetic Factors in SchizophreniaEndophenotypes Associated With SchizophreniaCauses and Effects: Neuroscience Findings About SchizophreniaSchizophrenia and Brain FunctionWhat Brain Changes Are Seen in Schizophrenia?Ventricle Changes in SchizophreniaSchizophrenia and Brain NetworksNeurotransmitters Involved in SchizophreniaHow Are Cognitive Processes Changed in Schizophrenia?Treating Individuals With SchizophreniaLENS: Mercy Bookings of Mental PatientsAntipsychotic MedicationsPsychosocial Interventions for SchizophreniaLENS: Mental Health Networks of Those With Serious Mental DisordersSummaryStudy ResourcesReview QuestionsFor Further ReadingKey Terms and ConceptsSAGE edge
16 Chapter 14 • Personality DisordersPersonality Disorders and PersonalityWhat Is a Personality Disorder?Comorbidity of Personality DisordersCultural LENS: Global Mental Health: Personality DisordersPersonality Disorders and Typical Personality TraitsThe Characteristics of a Healthy SelfTypical Personality TraitsEvolution and Different Personality CharacteristicsMaladaptive Personality Traits and Personality DisordersCategories and DimensionsEnvironmental and Genetic Studies of Personality DisordersOdd, Eccentric Personality DisordersParanoid Personality DisorderSchizoid Personality DisorderSchizotypal Personality DisorderCASE OF NATHAN JAMES: Schizotypal Personality DisorderDramatic Emotional Personality DisordersAntisocial Personality Disorder and PsychopathyAntisocial Personality DisorderPsychopathyCASE OF JIM NELSON: Mandated Treatment for Child Sexual AbuseBrain Involvement in PsychopathyBorderline Personality DisorderCASE OF AMY JAMES: Borderline Personality DisorderBrain Studies of Those With Borderline Personality DisorderTrust and Borderline Personality DisorderHistrionic Personality DisorderCASE OF AMY PORTER: Histrionic Personality DisorderNarcissistic Personality DisorderCASE OF DAWN NICHOLS: Narcissistic Personality DisorderAnxious Fearful Personality DisordersAvoidant Personality DisorderDependent Personality DisorderObsessive-Compulsive Personality DisorderTreatment of Personality DisordersDialectical Behavior TherapyOther Proven Therapies for Treating Borderline Personality DisorderLENS: Marsha Linehan, Creating Dialectical Behavior Therapy From Her Own ExperiencesTreatments for Other Personality DisordersUnderstanding Changes in DSM–5: Personality DisordersSummaryStudy ResourcesReview QuestionsFor Further ReadingKey Terms and ConceptsSAGE edge
17 Chapter 15 • Neurocognitive DisordersNormal Cognitive Changes Related to AgingDo Cognitive Abilities Change With Age?How the Brain Changes With AgeDeliriumCharacteristics, Prevalence, and Causes of DeliriumCASE OF BOBBY BALDWIN: DeliriumMild and Major Neurocognitive DisordersCharacteristics, Prevalence, and Diagnosis of Neurocognitive DisordersNeurocognitive Disorder Due to Alzheimer’s DiseaseCharacteristics, Prevalence, and Diagnosis of Alzheimer’s DiseaseUnderstanding Changes in DSM–5: Neurocognitive DisordersNeurofibrillary Tangles and Neuritic PlaquesGenes and Alzheimer’s DiseaseNeuroimaging of Alzheimer’s DiseaseOther Neurocognitive DisordersVascular Neurocognitive DisorderFrontotemporal Neurocognitive DisorderThe Development of Frontotemporal Neurocognitive Disorder in a Scientist and ArtistNeurocognitive Disorder Due to Traumatic Brain InjuryNeurocognitive Disorder Due to Lewy Body DementiaNeurocognitive Disorder Due to Parkinson’s DiseaseNeurocognitive Disorder Due to HIV InfectionSubstance-Induced Neurocognitive DisorderNeurocognitive Disorder Due to Huntington’s DiseaseLENS: The Silent Epidemic of Concussion in SportsNeurocognitive Disorder Due to Prion DiseasePrevention, Treatment, and SupportPrevention of Neurocognitive DisordersCan an Individual’s Activities Be Protective in Brain Changes?Treatment of and Support for Those With Neurocognitive DisordersLENS: Dementia-Friendly CommunitiesSummaryStudy ResourcesReview QuestionsFor Further ReadingKey Terms and ConceptsSAGE edge
18 Chapter 16 • The Law and Mental HealthThe American Legal System and the Insanity DefenseLENS: Mental Health and the Law in the Real World—Failure of a System?Competency to Stand TrialA Public Case: Andrea YatesEthical and Legal Issues in TreatmentThe Ethical and Legal Aspects of the Initial Contract for TreatmentEmergency CommitmentSexual Predator LawsA Public Case: Jeffrey DahmerCultural LENS: Global Mental Health: Prisoners and Mental HealthNeuroscience and Evolutionary Perspectives on the Legal Aspects of PsychopathologyLENS: The Implications of Solitary ConfinementUnderstanding Changes in DSM–5: Legal IssuesSummaryStudy ResourcesReview QuestionsFor Further ReadingKey Terms and ConceptsSAGE edge
19 Glossary
20 References
21 Author Index
