Читать книгу Abnormal Psychology - William J. Ray - Страница 176

Over the past 100 years, there have been a variety of debates on how to diagnose and classify mental disorders. In the past 50 years, the emphasis has been on reliability of diagnosis such that mental health professionals in one location would diagnose the same individual in the same manner as professionals in another location. As part of this emphasis, there has been a push for observable characteristics that would define a specific disorder. Such characteristics as depressed mood over the day, diminished interest in activities, weight loss, insomnia, fatigue, feelings of worthlessness, difficulty thinking, and thoughts of suicide would be considered in the diagnosis of depression. These types of criteria make up the structure of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM), published by the American Psychiatric Association (APA), and the International Classification of Diseases (ICD), published by the World Health Organization (WHO). The DSM is used in North America, whereas the ICD is used in Europe. In general, the criteria used in the DSM and ICD are signs and symptoms that are delineated through observation of, and conversation with, the individual.

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM): a publication of criteria for diagnosis by the American Psychiatric Association (APA), used in North America

International Classification of Diseases (ICD): a publication of criteria for diagnosis by the World Health Organization (WHO), used in Europe