B.C. | | Page |
| CHAPTER I. | |
| GEOGRAPHY OF ITALY—EARLY INHABITANTS. | |
| Position of Italy | 1 |
| Its boundaries | 1 |
| Its two Divisions | 1 |
| I. Gallia Cisalpina | 2 |
| Liguria | 2 |
| Venetia | 2 |
| II. Italia, properly so called | 2 |
| Etruria | 2 |
| Umbria | 2 |
| Picenum | 2 |
| Sabini | 3 |
| Marsi | 3 |
| Peligni | 3 |
| Vestini | 3 |
| Marrucini | 3 |
| Frentani | 3 |
| Latium: its two senses | 3 |
| The Campagna | 3 |
| The Pontine Marshes | 4 |
| Campania | 4 |
| Bay of Naples | 4 |
| Samnium | 4 |
| Apulia | 4 |
| Calabria | 4 |
| Lucania | 4 |
| Bruttii | 4 |
| Fertility of Italy | 5 |
| Its productions | 5 |
| Its inhabitants | 5 |
| I. Italians proper | 5 |
| 1. Latins | 5 |
| 2. Umbro-Sabellians | 5 |
| II. Iapygians | 5 |
| III. Etruscans | 5 |
| Their name | 5 |
| Their language | 5 |
| Their origin | 5 |
| Their two confederacies | 6 |
| 1. North of the Po | 6 |
| 2. South of the Apennines | 6 |
| Foreign races— | |
| IV. Greeks | 6 |
| Gauls | 6 |
| CHAPTER II. | |
| THE FIRST FOUR KINGS OF ROME. B.C. 753–616. | |
| Position of Rome | 7 |
| Its inhabitants | 7 |
| 1. Latins | 7 |
| 2. Sabines | 7 |
| 3. Etruscans | 7 |
| Remarks on early Roman history | 8 |
| Legend of Æneas | 8 |
| Legend of Ascanius | 8 |
| Foundation of Alba Longa | 8 |
| Legend of Rhea Silvia | 8 |
| Birth of Romulus and Remus | 8 |
| Their recognition by Numitor | 9 |
753. | Foundation of Rome | 9 |
| Roma Quadrata | 9 |
| Pomœrium | 9 |
| Death of Remus | 10 |
753–716. | Reign of Romulus | 9 |
| Asylum | 10 |
| Rape of Sabines | 10 |
| War with Sabines | 10 |
| Tarpeia | 10 |
| Sabine women | 10 |
| Joint reign of Romulus and Titus Tatius | 11 |
| Death of Titus Tatius | 11 |
| Sole reign of Romulus | 11 |
| Death of Romulus | 11 |
| Institutions ascribed to Romulus | 12 |
| Patricians & Clients | 12 |
| Three tribes—Ramnes, Tities, Luceres | 12 |
| Thirty Curiæ | 12 |
| Three Hundred Gentes | 12 |
| Comitia Curiata | 12 |
| The Senate | 12 |
| The Army | 12 |
716–673. | Reign of Numa Pompilius | 12 |
| Institutions ascribed to Numa Pompilius | 12 |
| Pontiffs | 12 |
| Augurs | 13 |
| Flamens | 13 |
| Vestal Virgins | 13 |
| Salii | 13 |
| Temple of Janus | 13 |
673–641. | Reign of Tullus Hostilius | 13 |
| War with Alba Longa | 13 |
| Battle of the Horatii and Curiatii | 13 |
| War with the Etruscans | 14 |
| Punishment of Mettius Fuffetius, Dictator of Alba Longa | 14 |
| Destruction of Alba Longa | 14 |
| Removal of its inhabitants to Rome | 14 |
| Origin of the Roman Plebs | 14 |
| Death of Tullus Hostilius | 14 |
640–616. | Reign of Ancus Marcius | 14 |
| War with the Latins | 14 |
| Increase of the Plebs | 15 |
| Ostia | 15 |
| Janiculum | 15 |
| Pons Sublicius | 15 |
| Death of Ancus Marcius | 15 |
| CHAPTER III. | |
| THE LAST THREE KINGS OF ROME, AND THE ESTABLISHMENT OF THE REPUBLIC DOWN TO THE BATTLE OF THE LAKE REGILLUS. B.C. 616–498. | |
616–578. | Reign of Tarquinius Priscus | 16 |
| His early history | 16 |
| His removal to Rome | 16 |
| Becomes king | 16 |
| His wars | 16 |
| The Cloacæ | 16 |
| Circus Maximus | 17 |
| Increase of the Senate | 17 |
| Increase of the Equites | 17 |
| Attus Navius | 17 |
| Increase of the Vestal Virgins | 17 |
| Early history of Servius Tullius | 17 |
| Death of Tarquinius Priscus | 18 |
578–534. | Reign of Servius Tullius | 18 |
| I. Reform of the Roman Constitution | 18 |
| 1. Division of the Roman territory into Thirty Tribes | 18 |
| 2. Comitia Centuriata | 18 |
| Census | 18 |
| Five Classes | 19 |
| The Equites | 19 |
| Number of the Centuries | 19 |
| Three sovereign assemblies—Comitia Centuriata, Comitia Curiata, Comitia Tributa | 20 |
| II. Increase of the city: walls of Servius Tullius | 20 |
| III. Alliance with the Latins | 20 |
| Death of Servius Tullius | 22 |
534–510. | Reign of Tarquinius Superbus | 22 |
| His tyranny | 22 |
| His alliance with the Latins | 23 |
| His war with the Volscians | 23 |
| Foundation of the temple on the Capitoline Hill | 23 |
| The Sibylline books | 23 |
| Legend of the Sibyl | 23 |
| Capture of Gabii | 23 |
| King's sons and Brutus sent to consult the oracle at Delphi | 23 |
| Lucretia | 24 |
| Expulsion of the Tarquins | 25 |
509. | Establishment of the Republic | 25 |
| The Consuls | 25 |
| First attempt to restore the Tarquins | 25 |
| Execution of the sons of Brutus | 25 |
| War of the Etruscans with Rome | 26 |
| Death of Brutus | 26 |
| Defeat of the Etruscans | 26 |
| Valerius Publicola | 26 |
| Dedication of the Capitoline Temple by M. Horatius | 26 |
508. | Second attempt to restore the Tarquins | 26 |
| Lars Porsena | 26 |
| Horatius Cocles | 26 |
| Mucius Scævola | 27 |
| Clœlia | 27 |
498. | Third attempt to restore the Tarquins | 28 |
| War with the Latins | 28 |
| Battle of the Lake Regillus | 28 |
496. | Death of Tarquinius Superbus | 28 |
| CHAPTER IV. | |
| FROM THE BATTLE OF THE LAKE REGILLUS TO THE DECEMVIRATE. B.C. 498–451. | |
| Struggles between the Patricians and Plebeians | 29 |
| Ascendency of the Patricians | 29 |
| Sufferings of the Plebeians | 30 |
| Law of debtor and creditor | 30 |
| Ager Publicus | 30 |
| Object of the Plebeians to obtain a share in the political power and in the public land | 30 |
494. | Secession to the Sacred Mount | 30 |
| Fable of Menenius Agrippa | 31 |
| Institution of the Tribunes of the Plebs | 31 |
486. | Agrarian Law of Sp. Cassius | 31 |
| Foreign wars | 32 |
488. | I. Coriolanus and the Volscians | 32 |
477. | II. The Fabia Gens and the Veientines | 33 |
458. | III. Cincinnatus and the Æquians | 34 |
| League between the Romans, Latins, and Hernicans | 35 |
| CHAPTER V. | |
| THE DECEMVIRATE. B.C. 451–449. | |
471. | Publilian Law transferring the election of the Tribunes from the Comitia of Centuries to those of the Tribes | 36 |
462. | Proposal of the Tribune Terentilius Arsa for the appointment of Decemviri | 37 |
460. | Seizure of the Capitol by Herdonius the Sabine | 37 |
454. | Appointment of three Commissioners to visit Greece | 37 |
452. | Their return to Rome | 37 |
451. | Appointment of the Decemviri | 37 |
| The Ten Tables | 37 |
450. | New Decemviri appointed | 37 |
| Their tyranny | 38 |
| Two new Tables added, making twelve in all | 38 |
449. | The Decemviri continue in office | 38 |
| Death of Sicinius Dentatus | 38 |
| Death of Virginia | 39 |
| Second secession to the Sacred Mount | 39 |
| Resignation of the Decemvirs | 39 |
| Election of ten Tribunes | 40 |
| Valerian and Horatian Laws | 40 |
| Death of Appius Claudius | 40 |
| The Twelve Tables | 40 |
| CHAPTER VI. | |
| FROM THE DECEMVIRATE TO THE CAPTURE OF ROME BY THE GAULS. B.C. 448–390. | |
445. | Third secession to the Sacred Mount | 41 |
| Lex Canuleia for intermarriage between the two orders | 41 |
| Institution of Military Tribunes with consular powers | 41 |
443. | Institution of the Censorship | 41 |
421. | Quæstorship thrown open to the Plebeians | 42 |
440. | Famine at Rome | 42 |
| Death of Sp. Mælius | 42 |
| Foreign wars | 42 |
| Roman colonies | 43 |
| War with the Etruscans | 43 |
437. | Spolia Opima won by A. Cornelius Cossus | 43 |
426. | Capture and destruction of Fidenæ | 43 |
403. | Commencement of siege of Veii | 43 |
| Tale of the Alban Lake | 43 |
396. | Appointment of Camillus as Dictator | 43 |
| Capture of Veii | 44 |
394. | War with Falerii | 44 |
| Tale of the Schoolmaster | 44 |
| Unpopularity of Camillus | 44 |
391. | He goes into exile | 44 |
| CHAPTER VII. | |
| FROM THE CAPTURE OF ROME BY THE GAULS TO THE FINAL UNION OF THE TWO ORDERS. B.C. 390–367. | |
| The Gauls, or Celts | 45 |
391. | Attack of Clusium by the Senones | 45 |
| Roman ambassadors sent to Clusium | 45 |
| They take part in the fight against the Senones | 45 |
| The Senones march upon Rome | 46 |
390. | Battle of the Allia | 46 |
| Destruction of Rome | 46 |
| Siege of the Capitol | 46 |
| Legend of M. Manlius | 47 |
| Appointment of Camillus as Dictator | 47 |
| He delivers Rome from the Gauls | 47 |
| Rebuilding of the city | 47 |
| Further Gallic wars | 48 |
361. | Legend of T. Manlius Torquatus | 48 |
349. | Legend of M. Valerius Corvus | 48 |
385. | Distress at Rome | 48 |
384. | M. Manlius comes forward as a patron of the poor | 48 |
| His fate | 49 |
376. | Licinian Rogations proposed | 49 |
| Violent opposition of the Patricians | 50 |
367. | Licinian Rogations passed | 50 |
366. | L. Sextius first Plebeian Consul | 50 |
| Institution of the Prætorship | 50 |
356. | First Plebeian Dictator | 51 |
351. | First Plebeian Censor | 51 |
336. | First Plebeian Prætor | 51 |
300. | Lex Ogulnia, increasing the number of the Pontiffs and Augurs, and enacting that a certain number of them should be taken from the Plebeians | 51 |
339. | Publilian Laws | 51 |
286. | Lex Hortensia | 51 |
| CHAPTER VIII. | |
| FROM THE LICINIAN ROGATIONS TO THE END OF THE SAMNITE WARS. B.C. 367–290. | |
362. | Pestilence at Rome | 52 |
| Death of Camillus | 52 |
| Tale of M. Curtius | 53 |
| The Samnites | 53 |
| Their history | 53 |
| Division into four tribes | 53 |
| Conquer Campania and Lucania | 53 |
| Samnites of the Apennines attack the Sidicini | 53 |
| Campanians assist the Sidicini | 53 |
| They are defeated by the Samnites | 53 |
| They solicit the assistance of Rome | 53 |
343–341. | FIRST SAMNITE WAR | 54 |
| Battle of Mount Gaurus | 54 |
| Peace concluded | 54 |
| Reasons for the conclusion of peace | 54 |
340–338. | THE LATIN WAR | 54 |
| The armies meet near Mount Vesuvius | 55 |
| Tale of Torquatus | 55 |
| Decisive battle | 55 |
| Self-sacrifice of Decius | 55 |
| Capture of Latin towns | 56 |
| Conclusion of the war | 56 |
329. | Conquest of the Volscian town of Privernum | 56 |
| Origin of the Second Samnite War | 56 |
327. | The Romans attack Palæopolis and Neapolis | 56 |
326–304. | SECOND SAMNITE WAR | 57 |
| First Period. | |
| Roman arms successful | 57 |
325. | Quarrel between L. Papirius Dictator and Q. Fabius, his master of the horse | 57 |
321–315. | Second Period. | |
| Success of the Samnites | 57 |
321. | Defeat of the Romans at the Caudine Forks by C. Pontius | 68 |
| Ignominious treaty rejected by the Romans | 58 |
314–304. | Third Period. | |
| Success of the Romans | 58 |
311. | War with the Etruscans | 58 |
| Defeat of the Etruscans | 59 |
| Defeat of the Samnites | 59 |
304. | Peace with Rome | 59 |
300. | Conquests of Rome in Central Italy | 59 |
| Coalition of Etruscans, Umbrians, and Samnites against Rome | 59 |
298–290. | THIRD SAMNITE WAR | 59 |
295. | Decisive battle of Sentinum | 59 |
| Self-sacrifice of the younger Decius | 59 |
292. | C. Pontius taken prisoner and put to death | 59 |
| CHAPTER IX. | |
| FROM THE CONCLUSION OF THE SAMNITE WAR TO THE SUBJUGATION OF ITALY. B.C. 290–265. | |
283. | War with the Etruscans and Gauls | 60 |
| Battle of the Lake Vadimo | 60 |
282. | State of Magna Græcia | 60 |
| The Romans assist Thurii | 60 |
| Their fleet is attacked by the Tarentines | 61 |
| Roman embassy to Tarentum | 61 |
281. | War declared against the Tarentines | 61 |
| They apply for aid to Pyrrhus | 61 |
| Pyrrhus arrives in Italy | 62 |
280. | His first campaign against the Romans | 62 |
| Battle of Heraclea | 62 |
| Remarks of Pyrrhus on the victory | 62 |
| He attempts to make peace with Rome | 62 |
| Failure of his minister Cineas | 63 |
| He marches upon Rome and arrives at Præneste | 63 |
| Retires into winter quarters at Tarentum | 63 |
| Embassy of Fabricius | 63 |
279. | Second campaign of Pyrrhus | 64 |
| Battle of Asculum | 64 |
278. | Treachery of the physician of Pyrrhus | 64 |
| Truce with Rome | 64 |
| Pyrrhus crosses over into Sicily | 64 |
276. | He returns to Italy | 64 |
274. | Defeat of Pyrrhus | 65 |
| He returns to Greece | 65 |
272. | Subjugation of Tarentum | 65 |
| Conquest of Italy | 65 |
273. | Embassy of Ptolemy Philadelphus to Rome | 65 |
| Three classes of Italian population: | |
| I. Cives Romani, or Roman Citizens | 66 |
| 1. Of the Thirty-three tribes | 66 |
| 2. Of the Roman Colonies | 66 |
| 3. Of the Municipal Towns | 66 |
| II. Nomen Latinum, or the Latin name | 66 |
| III. Socii, or Allies | 66 |
312. | Censorship of Appius Claudius | 67 |
| His dangerous innovation as to the Freedmen | 67 |
304. | Repealed in the Censorship of Q. Fabius Maximus and P. Decius Mus | 67 |
312. | The Appian Way | 67 |
| The Appian Aqueduct | 67 |
| Cn. Flavius | 67 |
| CHAPTER X. | |
| THE FIRST PUNIC WAR. B.C. 264–241. | |