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814. Foundation of Carthage 68
Its empire 68
Its government 68
Its army 68
Its foreign conquests 68
Conquest of Messana by the Mamertini 69
Hiero attacks the Mamertini 69
They apply for assistance to Rome 69
264. The Consul Ap. Claudius crosses over to Sicily to aid them 70
He defeats the forces of Syracuse and Carthage 70
263. Hiero makes peace with the Romans 70
262. Capture of Agrigentum by the Romans 70
260. The Romans build a fleet 70
Naval victory of the Consul Duilius 71
256. The Romans invade Africa 72
Their naval victory 72
Brilliant success of Regulus in Africa 72
The Carthaginians sue in vain for peace 72
255. Arrival of the Lacedæmonian Xanthippus 72
He restores confidence to the Carthaginians 73
Defeat and capture of Regulus 73
Destruction of the Roman fleet by a storm 73
The Romans build another fleet 73
253. Again destroyed by a storm 73
The war confined to Sicily 73
250. Victory of Metellus at Panormus 73
Embassy of the Carthaginians to Rome 73
Heroic conduct of Regulus 74
250. Siege of Lilybæum 74
249. Defeat of the Consul Claudius at sea 75
Destruction of the Roman fleet a third time 75
247. Appointment of Hamilcar Barca to the Carthaginian command 75
He intrenches himself on Mount Herctè, near Panormus 75
He removes to Mount Eryx 75
241. Victory off the Ægatian Islands 76
Peace with Carthage 76
End of the War 76
CHAPTER XI.
EVENTS BETWEEN THE FIRST AND SECOND PUNIC WARS. B.C. 240–219.
240–238. War of the Mercenaries with Carthage 77
She owes her safety to Hamilcar 77
238. The Romans seize Sardinia and Corsica 77
Hamilcar goes to Spain 78
235. Temple of Janus closed 78
Completion of the Thirty-five Roman Tribes 78
229. ILLYRIAN WAR 78
Conquest of Teuta, queen of the Illyrians 78
223. Honors paid to the Romans in the Grecian cities 78
232. Agrarian law of the Tribune Flaminius 78
225. GALLIC WAR 78
Defeat of the Gauls at Telamon in Etruria 79
224. Conquest of the Boii 79
223. The Romans cross the Po 79
222. Conquest of the Insubres 79
Marcellus wins the Spolia Opima 79
220. The Via Flaminia from Rome to Ariminum 79
218. Foundation of Colonies at Placentia and Cremona 79
219. SECOND ILLYRIAN WAR 79
235. Hamilcar in Spain 80
Oath of Hannibal 80
229. Death of Hamilcar 80
Hasdrubal succeeds him in the command 80
227. Treaty with Rome 80
221. Death of Hasdrubal 80
Hannibal succeeds him in the command 80
219. Siege of Saguntum 80
Its capture 81
War declared against Carthage 81
CHAPTER XII.
THE SECOND PUNIC WAR: FIRST PERIOD, DOWN TO THE BATTLE OF CANNÆ B.C. 218–216.
218. Preparations of Hannibal 82
His march to the Rhone 83
Arrival of the Consul Scipio at Massilia 83
Hannibal crosses the Rhone 83
Scipio sends his brother to Spain, and returns himself to Italy 83
Hannibal crosses the Alps 83
Skirmish on the Ticinus 84
Battle of the Trebia 84
Defeat of the Romans 84
217. Hannibal's march through Etruria 86
Battle of the Lake Trasimenus 86
Great defeat of the Romans 86
Q. Fabius Maximus appointed Dictator 87
His policy 87
Rashness of Minucius, the Master of the Horse 87
216. Great preparations of the Romans 88
Battle of Cannæ 88
Great defeat of the Romans 88
Revolt of Southern Italy 88
Hannibal winters at Capua 89
Note on Hannibal's passage across the Alps 90
CHAPTER XIII.
SECOND PUNIC WAR: SECOND PERIOD, FROM THE REVOLT OF CAPUA TO THE BATTLE OF THE METAURUS. B.C. 215–207.
215. Plan of the War 91
Hannibal's repulse before Nola 92
214. He attempts in vain to surprise Tarentum 92
213. He obtains possession of Tarentum 93
WAR IN SICILY—
216. Death of Hiero 93
Succession of Hieronymus 93
His assassination 93
214. Arrival of Marcellus in Sicily 93
He takes Leontini 93
He lays siege to Syracuse 93
Defended by Archimedes 93
212. Capture of Syracuse 94
WAR IN SPAIN—
212. Capture and death of the two Scipios 95
Siege of Capua 95
211. Hannibal marches upon Rome 95
Is compelled to retreat 96
The Romans recover Capua 96
Punishment of its inhabitants 93
209. The Romans recover Tarentum 96
208. Defeat and death of Marcellus 97
207. Hasdrubal marches into Italy 97
He besieges Placentia 97
March of the Consul Nero to join his colleague Livius in Umbria 97
Battle of the Metaurus 98
Defeat and death of Hasdrubal 98
CHAPTER XIV.
SECOND PUNIC WAR: THIRD PERIOD, FROM THE BATTLE OF THE METAURUS TO THE CONCLUSION OF THE WAR. B.C. 206–201.
Character and early life of Scipio 99
210. He is elected Proconsul for Spain 100
He takes New Carthage 100
206. He subdues Spain 101
He crosses over into Africa and visits Syphax 101
He returns to Rome 102
205. His Consulship 102
He prepares to invade Africa 102
His project is opposed by Fabius and others 102
204. He arrives in Africa 103
203. He defeats the Carthaginians and Syphax 103
Masinissa and Sophonisba 103
The Carthaginians recall Hannibal 104
202. Battle of Zama, and defeat of Hannibal 104
Terms of peace 105
201. Conclusion of the war 105
Triumph of Scipio 105
CHAPTER XV.
WARS IN THE EAST: THE MACEDONIAN, SYRIAN, AND GALATIAN WARS. B.C. 214–188.
State of the East 106
Syria 106
Pontus 106
Galatia 106
Pergamus 106
Egypt 107
State of Greece 107
Macedonia 107
Achæan League 107
Ætolian League 107
Rhodes 107
Sparta 107
214–205. FIRST MACEDONIAN WAR—
Its indecisive character 108
211. Treaty of the Romans with the Ætolian League 108
205. Conclusion of the war 108
Philip's hostile acts 108
He assists the Carthaginians at the battle of Zama 108
His conduct in Greece 108
200–196. SECOND MACEDONIAN WAR—
200. First campaign: the Consul Galba 108
199. Second campaign: the Consul Villius 109
198. Third campaign: the Consul Flamininus 109
197. Battle of Cynoscephalæ 109
196. Declaration of Grecian independence at the Isthmian Games 109
191–190. SYRIAN WAR—
Antiochus the Third 110
Intrigues of the Ætolians in Greece 110
They Invite Antiochus to Greece 110
Hannibal expelled from Carthage 110
He arrives in Syria 110
His advice to Antiochus 110
192. Antiochus crosses over to Greece 110
191. The Romans defeat him at Thermopylæ 110
He returns to Asia 110
190. The Romans invade Asia 111
Battle of Magnesia 111
Defeat of Antiochus by Scipio Asiaticus 111
Terms of peace 111
Hannibal flies to Prusias, king of Bithynia 111
189. ÆTOLIAN WAR—
Fulvius takes Ambracia 111
Terms of peace 111
189. GALATIAN WAR—
Manlius attacks the Galatians without the authority of the Senate or the People 112
187. He returns to Rome 113
Effects of the Eastern conquests upon the Roman character 113
CHAPTER XVI.
WARS IN THE WEST: THE GALLIC, LIGURIAN, AND SPANISH WARS. B.C. 200–175.
200. THE GALLIC WAR—
The Gauls take Placentia and lay siege to Cremona 113
Conquest of the Insubres and Cenomani 114
191. Conquest of the Boil 114
190. Colony founded at Bononia 114
180. Via Æmilia 114
200. THE LIGURIAN WAR—
Continued with intermissions for nearly 80 years 114
Character of the war 114
198. TWO PROVINCES FORMED IN SPAIN 114
195. THE SPANISH WAR—
The Consul M. Porcius Cato sent into Spain 114
His success 115
The Spaniards again take up arms 115
180. The war brought to a conclusion by Tib. Sempronius Gracchus 115
178. THE ISTRIAN WAR 115
177–175. THE SARDINIAN AND CORSICAN WAR 115
CHAPTER XVII.
THE ROMAN CONSTITUTION AND ARMY.
Review of the history of the Roman Constitution 116
Political equality of the Patricians and Plebeians 116
I. THE MAGISTRATES—
The Lex Annalis 117
1. The Quæstors 117
2. The Ædiles 117
3. The Prætors 117
4. The Consuls 118
5. The Dictators 118
6. The Censors 118
(a) The Census 118
(b) Control over the morals of the citizens 119
(c) Administration of the finances of the state 119
II. THE SENATE—
Its number 119
Its mode of Election 119
Its power and duties 119
III. THE POPULAR ASSEMBLIES—
1. The Comitia Curiata 120
2. The Comitia Centuriata: change in its constitution 120
3. The Comitia Tributa 121
The Tribunes 121
The Plebiscita 121
IV. FINANCES—
Tributum 121
Vectigalia 121
V. THE ARMY—
Number of the Legion 122
1. First Period—Servius Tullius 122
2. Second Period—The Great Latin War, B.C. 340 122
Hastati 122
Principes 122
Triarii 122
Rorarii and Accensi 123
3. Third Period—During the wars of the younger Scipio 123
Two legions assigned to each Consul 123
Division of the legion 123
The Maniples 123
The Cohorts 123
The Tribuni Militum 123
The Horse-soldiers 123
Infantry of the Socii 123
4. Fourth Period—From the times of the Gracchi to the downfall of the Republic 123
Changes introduced by Marius 124
Triumphs 124
CHAPTER XVIII.
INTERNAL HISTORY OF ROME DURING THE MACEDONIAN AND SYRIAN WARS. CATO AND SCIPIO.
Effect of the Roman conquests in the East 126
Debasement of the Roman character 126
192. Infamous conduct of L. Flamininus 127
193. Worship of Bacchus 127
Gladiatorial exhibitions 127
Rise of the new nobility 127
191. Law against bribery 127
Decay of the peasant proprietors 128
M. Porcius Cato 128
234. His birth 128
His early life 128
204. His Quæstorship 129
198. His Prætorship 129
195. His Consulship 129
Repeal of the Oppian Law 130
191. Cato serves in the battle of Thermopylæ 130
Prosecution of the two Scipios 130
Haughty conduct of Scipio Africanus 130
Condemnation of Scipio Asiaticus 130
Prosecution of Scipio Africanus 130
He leaves Rome 131
188. His death 131
Death of Hannibal 132
184. Censorship of Cato 132
He studies Greek in his old age 132
His character 133
CHAPTER XIX.
THE THIRD MACEDONIAN, ACHÆAN, AND THIRD PUNIC WARS. B.C. 179–146.
179. Death of Philip and accession of Perseus 134
172. Murder of Eumenes, king of Pergamus 135
171–168. THIRD MACEDONIAN WAR—
168. Battle of Pydna 135
Defeat of Perseus by L. Æmilius Paullus 135
167. Æmilius Paullus punishes the Epirotes 135
His triumph 135
His domestic misfortunes 136
Haughty conduct of Rome in the East 136
Embassy to Antiochus Epiphanes 136
Treatment of Eumenes, king of Pergamus 136
Mean conduct of Prusias, king of Bythinia 136
Treatment of the Rhodians 136
167. One thousand Achæans sent to Italy 136
151. The survivors allowed to return to Greece 137
140. A pretender lays claim to the throne of Macedonia 137
He is defeated and taken prisoner 137
147–146. THE ACHÆAN WAR—
146. Corinth taken by L. Mummius 138
Final conquest of Greece 138
Rome jealous of Carthage 139
Advice of Scipio 139
War between Masinissa and Carthage 139
Conduct of the Romans 140
149–146. THIRD PUNIC WAR—
147. Scipio Africanus the younger, Consul 140
His parentage and adoption 140
His character 140
146. He takes Carthage 142
Formation of the Roman province of Africa 142
Later history of Carthage 142
CHAPTER XX.
SPANISH WARS, B.C. 153–133. FIRST SERVILE WAR, B.C. 134–132.
153. War with the Celtiberians 143
152. Peace with the Celtiberians 143
151. War with the Lusitanians 143
150. Treacherous murder of the Lusitanians by Galba 144
Success of Viriathus against the Romans 144
The Celtiberians again take up arms—the Numantine War 144
140. Murder of Viriathus 145
138. Brutus conquers the Gallæci 145
137. The Consul Hostilius Mancinus defeated by the Numantines 145
He signs a peace with the Numantines 145
The Senate refuse to ratify it 145
142. Censorship of Scipio Africanus 145
134. Consul a second time 145
He carries on the war against Numantia 146
133. He takes Numantia 146
Increase of slaves 146
They rise in Sicily 146
They elect Eunus as their leader 146
Eunus assumes the title of king 146
134. He defeats the Roman generals 147
132. Is himself defeated and taken prisoner 147
133. Death of Attalus, last king of Pergamus 147
He bequeaths his kingdom to the Romans 147
131. Aristonicus lays claim to the kingdom of Pergamus 147
130. Is defeated and taken prisoner 147
129. Formation of the province of Asia 147
Extent of the Roman dominions 147
CHAPTER XXI.
THE GRACCHI. B.C. 133–121.
Necessity for reform 148
Early life of Tiberius Gracchus 149
137. Quæstor in Spain 149
133. Elected Tribune 150
Brings forward an Agrarian Law 150
A Smaller History of Rome

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