Читать книгу Antennas - Yi Huang - Страница 4

List of Illustrations

1 Chapter 1Figure 1.1 Heinrich Rudolf Hertz Figure 1.2 1887 experimental setup of Hertz's apparatus Figure 1.3 Guglielmo Marconi.Figure 1.4 A WWII radar.Figure 1.5 A typical radio system Figure 1.6 Complex plane Figure 1.7 Vector A in Cartesian coordinates Figure 1.8 Vector addition and subtraction Figure 1.9 The cross product of vectors A and B Figure 1.10 Cartesian and spherical coordinates Figure 1.11 Frequency vs wavelength Figure 1.12 Magnetic field generated by current I Figure 1.13 James Clerk Maxwell Figure 1.14 Boundary between Medium 1 and Medium 2 Figure 1.15 Electromagnetic field distribution around a two‐wire transmissio...
2 Chapter 2Figure 2.1 A simple electrical circuit with a source and load Figure 2.2 A two‐wire transmission line model Figure 2.3 Schematic representation of the elementary component of a transmi...Figure 2.4 Forward and reverse traveling waves Figure 2.5 A transmission line terminated with a load Figure 2.6 Input impedance as a function of the transmission line length for...Figure 2.7 The input impedance along a low‐loss transmission line for Z_L = 7...Figure 2.8 Return loss as a function of the line length Figure 2.9 Standing waves of the voltage and current on a transmission line...Figure 2.10 The standard Smith Chart Figure 2.11 The Smith Chart showing the complex reflection coefficient Figure 2.12 The Smith Chart showing the complex impedance Figure 2.13 The impedance on the Smith Chart as the reference away from the ...Figure 2.14 The Y Smith Chart showing the admittance Figure 2.15 Lumped L networks. (a) for R_in > R_L_. (b) for R_inG_L < 1 Figure 2.16 Using the Smith Chart to explain the matching process for Soluti...Figure 2.17 Using the Smith Chart to explain the matching process for Soluti...Figure 2.18 Using the Smith Chart to explain the matching process for Soluti...Figure 2.19 Using the Smith Chart to explain the matching process for Soluti...Figure 2.20 Summary of using L matching network and the Smith Chart Figure 2.21 Lumped T network Figure 2.22 Lumped π network Figure 2.23 Impedance matching using Smith Chart Figure 2.24 Stub matching networks. (a) Parallel stub matching using a micro...Figure 2.25 VSWR of different designs as a function of frequency Figure 2.26 Four load impedances with LC matching networks Figure 2.27 A block diagram of a typical adaptive matching network Figure 2.28 Series resonant circuit Figure 2.29 Relative power dissipated in a series resonant circuit around re...Figure 2.30 Parallel antiresonant circuit Figure 2.31 Smith Chart with constant Q lines Figure 2.32 Various popular transmission lines Figure 2.33 Two‐wire transmission line Figure 2.34 The configuration of a coaxial line Figure 2.35 Field distribution within a coaxial line Figure 2.36 Microstrip line Figure 2.37 The field distribution of a microstrip Figure 2.38 From a coaxial cable to a stripline Figure 2.39 Evolution from a coaxial cable to CPW (G for gap, W for width, a...Figure 2.40 Rectangular waveguide.Figure 2.41 Rectangular waveguide mode patterns. (a) TE₀₁, (b) TE₁₁, (c) TM₁...Figure 2.42 Substrate‐integrated waveguide.Figure 2.43 Two basic gap waveguides.Figure 2.44 Mode‐selective transmission line: (a) the 3D configuration; (b) ...Figure 2.45 Male/plug (left) and female/jack (right) N‐type connectors Figure 2.46 Wideband antennas fed by CPW and microstrip which are directly c...
3 Chapter 3Figure 3.1 A traveling wave in a medium with lossFigure 3.2 A plane wave traveling at z‐directionFigure 3.3 Wave polarizationsFigure 3.4 Plane wave reflection and transmission, and its analogous transmi...Figure 3.5 Two principal polarizationsFigure 3.6 Reflection coefficient as a function of incident angleFigure 3.7 Reflection and transmission of a wall and its analogous transmiss...Figure 3.8 Reflection coefficient of a wall as a function of the incident an...Figure 3.9 The reflection coefficient of a wall as a function of the frequen...Figure 3.10 Radiowave diffraction over a knife‐edge obstacleFigure 3.11 Radiowave reflection and scatteringFigure 3.12 Classification of media as a function of frequency (tanδ = ...Figure 3.13 A typical complex permittivity spectrumFigure 3.14 Rain attenuation as a function of rain rate and frequency.Figure 3.15 Free space communicationsFigure 3.16 Two‐ray modelFigure 3.17 The linkage of the circuit concepts and the field conceptsFigure 3.18 A conducting wire of skin depth δ
4 Chapter 4Figure 4.1 Coordinates and radiowaves generated by a time‐varying source....Figure 4.2 The fields E, H, and E/H as a function of βr at a fixed freq...Figure 4.3 The fields E, H, and E/H as a function of β at a fixed dista...Figure 4.4 The electric field around a current element antennaFigure 4.5 Radiated field regions of an antenna of max dimension DFigure 4.6 The 3D radiation pattern of an electrically short current element...Figure 4.7 The E‐plane and H‐plane patterns of an electrically short current...Figure 4.8 A radiation pattern illustrated in a conventional 2D plotFigure 4.9 Transmitting and receiving antennas for Friis transmission formul...Figure 4.10 Antenna input impedance modelFigure 4.11 A dipole antenna performance: (a) The input impedance and (b) th...Figure 4.12 VSWR against the frequency for two designsFigure 4.13 A summary of most important antenna parameters
5 Chapter 5Figure 5.1 Evolution of a dipole of total length 2l and diameter dFigure 5.2 Input impedance as a function of the normalized dipole lengthFigure 5.3 E _θ radiation pattern of a short dipole as a function of θ...Figure 5.4 Some popular forms of dipole antennasFigure 5.5 A monopole antenna with a coaxial feed lineFigure 5.6 The image theoryFigure 5.7 Some popular forms of monopole antennasFigure 5.8 Effects of the ground plane on the radiation pattern of a monopol...Figure 5.9 Transmission line to loop antenna, and its corresponding dipoles...Figure 5.10 E _φ radiation pattern of a small loop as a function of θ...Figure 5.11 Directivity of a loop as a function of the normalised circumfere...Figure 5.12 Current distribution in a resonant loop and its equivalent pair ...Figure 5.13 The radiation patterns of a loop with C = λFigure 5.14 The input impedance of a loop with C = 6 cmFigure 5.15 Total radiation patterns of loops of different sizesFigure 5.16 Helical antenna and its radiation patterns of two radiation mode...Figure 5.17 Radiated field patterns of two different antennas (a) the polar ...Figure 5.18 A Yagi–Uda TV reception antennaFigure 5.19 Configuration of a Yagi–Uda antenna and its radiation patternFigure 5.20 The configuration of a log‐periodic antenna and its radiation pa...Figure 5.21 Spiral antennas: (a) the wire type, and (b) conical typeFigure 5.22 Two examples of self‐complimentary antennas: (a) planar spiral a...Figure 5.23 Some aperture‐type antennas (reflector, TEM horn, double‐ridged ...Figure 5.24 Radiation from an aperture source in the z = 0 planeFigure 5.25 Aperture antenna radiation characteristics (a_λ = a/λ)...Figure 5.26 Typical radiation patterns of an open waveguide in the H‐ and E‐...Figure 5.27 Three horn antennasFigure 5.28 Pyramidal horn antennas with dimensional parametersFigure 5.29 Function Y(A) versus AFigure 5.30 E‐plane universal patterns for E‐plane sectorial and pyramidal h...Figure 5.31 Radiation patterns of a pyramidal horn antennaFigure 5.32 Paraboloidal and Cassegrain reflector antennas. Source: Xinhua /...Figure 5.33 An example of an offset parabolic reflector radar antennaFigure 5.34 Computed radiation patterns in E‐ and H‐planesFigure 5.35 Two types of lens antennasFigure 5.36 Slot antennas fed by coaxial cable and waveguideFigure 5.37 Slot antenna, radiation pattern, and its complimentary dipoleFigure 5.38 An airborne slot waveguide antenna arrayFigure 5.39 Microstrip antennas and their feeds (a) a microstrip antenna wit...Figure 5.40 Typical radiation patterns of a resonant rectangular patch anten...Figure 5.41 A matched resonant patch antenna for 2.45 GHzFigure 5.42 A variety of patch antennasFigure 5.43 A typical antenna array of N elementsFigure 5.44 Antenna array factors as a function of the scan angle θ for...Figure 5.45 Antenna array factors as a function of angle θ for N = 10 a...Figure 5.46 Antenna array factors for broadside and end‐fire arrays for N = ...Figure 5.47 Antenna array factors for broadside and end‐fire arrays for N = ...Figure 5.48 The radiation pattern (in half‐space), SLL, HPBW, and gain for f...Figure 5.49 Array radiation patterns of two short dipoles separated by d = λ...Figure 5.50 Mutual resistance and reactance of two parallel dipoles as a fun...Figure 5.51 Mutual resistance and reactance of two collinear dipoles as a fu...Figure 5.52 A radio transmitting and receiving system and their conventional...Figure 5.53 A new equivalent circuit for a receiving antenna systemFigure 5.54 A dipole connected to a coaxFigure 5.55 Two examples of balunsFigure 5.56 Four antennas for circular polarizationFigure 5.57 Examples of antennas with various radomes/housing.Figure 5.58 Installed antennas and supporting structure
6 Chapter 6Figure 6.1 Classification of computational electromagnetic methodsFigure 6.2 Comparison of MoM result for N = 1 (dashed line) with the exact s...Figure 6.3 Comparison of MoM result for N = 2 (dashed line) with the exact s...Figure 6.4 A dipole of length 2l, diameter 2a, and gap 2ΔFigure 6.5 A dipole is equally divided into N segmentsFigure 6.6 Current distribution along a dipoleFigure 6.7 Input impedance convergence of the point‐matching approachFigure 6.8 Current distributions (along Y‐axis) and radiation patterns (in XFigure 6.9 FEM simulation of a loop antenna: discretization and current dist...Figure 6.10 FDTD (Yee) cellFigure 6.11 A TLM node for simulationFigure 6.12 EZNEC user interfaceFigure 6.13 Wires input interface.Figure 6.14 Antenna view showing controls and current distribution.Figure 6.15 Source input interface.Figure 6.16 VSWR for a 10 m dipole in free space.Figure 6.17 VSWR for a 10 m dipole 3 m above a perfect ground.Figure 6.18 Comparison of radiation patterns of a dipole with different grou...Figure 6.19 Radiation pattern for a dipole of 10.2 m placed 9 m above a real...Figure 6.20 Two‐monopole array and the EZNEC input.Figure 6.21 The radiation patterns of the array with different phase differe...Figure 6.22 Array patterns in the two principle planes for different φ₀...Figure 6.23 A wire model of a helicopterFigure 6.24 The user interface of HFSS.Figure 6.25 A dual‐band PIFA antenna.Figure 6.26 A dual‐band PIFA (dimensions in mm, slot width constant at 1 mm,...Figure 6.27 The convergence plot.Figure 6.28 S₁₁ in dB as a function of the frequency in GHz.Figure 6.29 Radiation pattern at 1755 MHz.Figure 6.30 Meshes and current distribution on the antenna. Source: HFSSFigure 6.31 The dual‐band PIFA antenna with feed line and RF chokeFigure 6.32 Simulated and measured impedances on Smith Chart. (a) Impedance ...Figure 6.33 Simulated and measured S₁₁ in dBFigure 6.34 Simulated results of a rectangular conducting radiator in free s...Figure 6.35 The first four resonant modes of a rectangular conducting radiat...Figure 6.36 A PCB patch antenna with the radiator dimensions 48.40 mm × 40.4...Figure 6.37 The characteristic angle as a function of frequency for the PCB ...Figure 6.38 The reflection coefficient of the patch antenna with a feed from...Figure 6.39 3D radiation patterns of the patch antenna at different frequenc...Figure 6.40 The reflection coefficients of the patch antenna with different ...
7 Chapter 7Figure 7.1 Generation of passive intermodulation (PIM) signalsFigure 7.2 Material classificationFigure 7.3 Metamaterial formed by SRRs and wire strips. Source: Jeffrey.D.Wi...Figure 7.4 A high impedance surface and its application for a low‐profile wi...Figure 7.5 Metasurfaces for antenna designs: (a) transmissive metasurface fo...Figure 7.6 LTCC‐integrated antennaFigure 7.7 LDS technology and an LDS mobile phone antennaFigure 7.8 A USB mobile data dongle with three antennas fabricated using FPC...Figure 7.9 A two‐port networkFigure 7.10 The equivalent two‐port network of a transmitting–receiving ante...Figure 7.11 A picture of a typical VNAFigure 7.12 Typical configuration of a VNAFigure 7.13 Open‐area test site (OATS)Figure 7.14 Typical anechoic chamberFigure 7.15 An example of an anechoic chamberFigure 7.16 Automatic antenna measurement system setup (Diamond Engineering)...Figure 7.17 An example of CATR/PWG with feed, reflector, and QZFigure 7.18 An example of millimeter wave plane wave generator for device wi...Figure 7.19 Near‐field scanning geometries. (a) Planar scanner. (b) Cylindri...Figure 7.20 Different mechanical implementation of a spherical near‐field an...Figure 7.21 A multi‐probe‐based spherical near‐field measurement MVG system...Figure 7.22 Typical reverberation chamberFigure 7.23 Measured reflection coefficient S₁₁ of a UWB antenna with and wi...Figure 7.24 Results comparison of a dual‐band antenna measured in an office ...Figure 7.25 A dual‐band mobile antenna with its package caseFigure 7.26 The measure S₁₁ (in dB) with (solid line) and without (dashed li...Figure 7.27 Phase variation across an antenna apertureFigure 7.28 Fields from a radiating antenna. (Image provided by Nearfield Sy...Figure 7.29 Equivalent circuit of Wheeler cap method for antenna efficiency ...Figure 7.30 Measured efficiency of a UWB antenna using the SSC methodFigure 7.31 A microstrip feed line and a PIFA antennaFigure 7.32 CDF plot of both branches/antennas and the combined signal, theo...Figure 7.33 Multi‐probe MIMO OTA testing method and an example MVG systemFigure 7.34 Two‐stage MIMO OTA testing method.Figure 7.35 Throughput performance of 7 DUTs using multi‐cluster Uma channel...Figure 7.36 Electronic scanning for elevation sampling and AUT rotation for ...Figure 7.37 Example of probe array systems: SL50GHzFigure 7.38 Wireless device under test working at 24 GHz.Figure 7.39 Simulated (left) and reconstructed (right) EQC from measured dat...Figure 7.40 Measured (from reconstructed EQCs) and simulated spatial‐average...Figure 7.41 Application of probe array systems to automotive testing
8 Chapter 8Figure 8.1 A sphere that just encloses the antennaFigure 8.2 Series resonant antenna fed by a resistive sourceFigure 8.3 The fundamental limits of antenna size, Q factor (bandwidth), and...Figure 8.4 A double‐tuned series‐parallel resonant circuitFigure 8.5 Series resonant circuit with parallel double‐tuning (solid line i...Figure 8.6 Series resonant circuit with different levels of parallel double‐...Figure 8.7 Variation of bandwidth improvement factors F_DT and F_∞Figure 8.8 Height reduction via top‐loadingFigure 8.9 Current distribution of a top‐loaded “T” antennaFigure 8.10 Linear antenna with elemental currentsFigure 8.11 “T” on the Titanic.Figure 8.12 Antenna size reduction using impedance matchingFigure 8.13 Radiation from meandered structuresFigure 8.14 Reactive loading of planar antennasFigure 8.15 Meandered, dielectric loaded monopole antenna for dual‐band mobi...Figure 8.16 A half‐wave GPS patch antenna mounted on a finite ground planeFigure 8.17 Measured efficiency of GPS patch antennas of the dimensions indi...Figure 8.18 An early mobile transceiver: the antenna is incorporated into th...Figure 8.19 A personal collection of selected mobile devices from 1996 to 20...Figure 8.20 Classical mobile phone types: “bar,” “flip,” and “slider”Figure 8.21 Basic antenna and PCB arrangementsFigure 8.22 Quarter‐wave monopole over a ground planeFigure 8.23 A helix antenna assembly (shown as a “wire grid model” as displa...Figure 8.24 Relationship between helix dimensionsFigure 8.25 Evolution of a PIFA from a monopole antennaFigure 8.26 Evolution of a PIFA from a half‐wave patch antennaFigure 8.27 A generalized mobile antenna and hardware configuration for smar...Figure 8.28 An example of smartphone antennas.Figure 8.29 A metal rim loop antenna with simulated and measured results. (a...Figure 8.30 A printed NFC antenna inside a smartphone.Figure 8.31 A triple‐band Wi‐Fi antenna for smartphones and its performance....Figure 8.32 PIFA and generic monopole geometries. (a) PIFA (b) monopoleFigure 8.33 Flat phantomFigure 8.34 SAR in W/kg of a typical conventional PIFA (power normalized to ...Figure 8.35 SAR in W/kg of a typical triangular monopole (power normalized t...Figure 8.36 Simulated SAR values and SAR distribution on a head phantom usin...Figure 8.37 Typical macro‐cellular multipath scattering scenarioFigure 8.38 The addition of multipath vectorsFigure 8.39 Angle of arrival PDF for an urban macro‐cell co‐polarized with t...Figure 8.40 Combination of two uncorrelated signalsFigure 8.41 Diversity gains of SC, EGC, and MRC with 2 equal power branches ...Figure 8.42 Diversity gains of MRC and SC with number of branches (1–12 bran...Figure 8.43 Mean SNR of different combining methods with the number of branc...Figure 8.44 The effect of branch correlationFigure 8.45 The effect of branch SNR differencesFigure 8.46 Diversity antennas in a DECT base‐stationFigure 8.47 Diversity antennas in a DECT handsetFigure 8.48 Permittivity of brain matter with frequencyFigure 8.49 Loss tangent of brain matter with frequencyFigure 8.50 Skin depth of brain matter with frequencyFigure 8.51 Typical match efficiency with users in and around the GSM 900 MH...Figure 8.52 Orientation of users with respect to the chamber coordinate syst...Figure 8.53 User‐averaged radiation pattern of “flip” at 1800 MHz. Radiation...Figure 8.54 User‐averaged radiation pattern of “PIFA‐1” at 1800 MHz. Radiati...Figure 8.55 Effects of components and hands on total efficiency of the anten...Figure 8.56 7‐cell cellular radio configuration with two different antennas...Figure 8.57 Three sectorial antennas to provide 360° cellular radio coverage...Figure 8.58 A penta‐band sectorial antenna with MIMO functionalityFigure 8.59 A discone antenna and its radiation pattern for mobile base‐stat...Figure 8.60 A broadband wall‐mounted antennaFigure 8.61 A broadband ceiling‐mounted antennaFigure 8.62 A MIMO systemFigure 8.63 CDF of relative SNR threshold for N different diversity branches...Figure 8.64 Duel‐polarized stacked patch antenna element and its performance...Figure 8.65 Proposed MIMO array (9 × 3) and its ECC performance [40]Figure 8.66 Common mode and differential mode for wire‐type antennas and slo...Figure 8.67 Resonances of monopole antennas of increasing length. E and J in...Figure 8.68 A monoopole antenna with a resonant trapFigure 8.69 Combined resonant structures (a) two monopoles (b) a helical and...Figure 8.70 Parasitically coupled monopole antennasFigure 8.71 A small helical antenna mounted on a mobile phone PCBFigure 8.72 A dual‐band helical antenna with two pitches for control of the ...Figure 8.73 A dual‐band helical antenna utilizing two different length windi...Figure 8.74 Some “fat monopole” antennasFigure 8.75 Resistance of a conical monopole with electrical length and flar...Figure 8.76 Reactance of a conical monopole with electrical length and flare...Figure 8.77 S11 in dB of a typical UWB antennaFigure 8.78 A simplified RFID systemFigure 8.79 A typical sequence of events for a tag to be powered, interrogat...Figure 8.80 Simplified reader and tag loop antennasFigure 8.81 A near field RFID systemFigure 8.82 Mutual coupling between reader and tag coilsFigure 8.83 Equivalent circuit of a tag antenna and ICFigure 8.84 Equivalent circuit of a tag antenna and ICFigure 8.85 Parallel equivalent circuit of a tag antenna and ICFigure 8.86 Single‐ and two‐layer tag coilsFigure 8.87 Coil antenna used within a passportFigure 8.88 Typical far field reader and tag antennasFigure 8.89 Path loss modelFigure 8.90 Variations of the shunt‐fed dipoleFigure 8.91 Simple switch equivalent circuit: (a) in the “ON” state, (b) in ...Figure 8.92 Fabrication detail of a typical MEMS switchFigure 8.93 A side view of a PIFA antenna that is tuned by a variable capaci...Figure 8.94 A “V” dipole with MEMS‐enabled beam‐steeringFigure 8.95 Classification of liquid antennasFigure 8.96 An example of remote sensing systems in an autonomous car (innov...Figure 8.97 A traditional whip/monopole antenna for car radioFigure 8.98 Three AM/FM/DAB antennasFigure 8.99 Vehicle‐level simulation for radio antenna at different frequenc...Figure 8.100 Typical shark‐fin antennas with and without a cameraFigure 8.101 Exploded view on Bosch LRR3 and the planar antenna elements fee...Figure 8.102 Receiving antenna and field distribution of a TPMSFigure 8.103 Examples of Reflector Antennas (clockwise from top left): FAST ...Figure 8.104 A simple reflector antenna modelFigure 8.105 Ray tracing approachFigure 8.106 Field distribution TE11 mode in circular waveguide – E‐field li...Figure 8.107 Open‐ended waveguide and choked waveguide horn feedsFigure 8.108 Basic Potter Horn designFigure 8.109 Typical Corrugated HornFigure 8.110 Two alternative dual reflector configurations (a) Gregorian geo...Figure 8.111 Beam Waveguide systemFigure 8.112 Blockage effects in circular symmetric reflectors (d and D are ...Figure 8.113 Simple Front Fed offset antennaFigure 8.114 Dual offset reflector geometriesFigure 8.115 Offset Cassegrain geometry showing subreflector axis tilt refle...Figure 8.116 Example of a shaped beam given a narrow pencil beam in the azim...

Подняться наверх