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ОглавлениеChapter 2
Working with Irregular, Helping, and Descriptive Verb Forms
Life would be boring if everything followed the same pattern, wouldn't it? A little variety can pep up your day. It can also ruin your day if the variation is an irregular verb — and the English language has many. Not to worry: In this chapter you practice selecting irregular verbs, changing meaning with helping verbs (should, can, may, do, does, did, and the like), and employing verb forms that can act as descriptions, which grammarians call participles and infinitives and the rest of us call “pains in the neck.”
The Questions You’ll Work On
In this chapter, you work on questions that develop these skills:
Using irregular past-tense and participle forms correctly
Selecting the proper form and tense of the irregular verbs to be and to have
Adding shades of meaning with the helping verbs should, must, can, could, may, might, and would
Creating questions with helping verbs
Identifying participles functioning as descriptions
Choosing the best form of participles and infinitives used as descriptions
What to Watch Out For
Keep these points in mind when you answer the questions in this chapter:
Check whether the past-tense form or participle is regular or irregular.
Choose the correct tense of irregular verbs based on the meaning of the sentence.
Employ reading comprehension skills to detect the need for a helping verb expressing obligation, possibility, condition, or ability.
Rearrange word order and add helping verbs to create questions.
Select present participles or infinitives as descriptions for actions in the past, present, or future.
Handling Irregular Verbs
66–90 Choose the proper past, present perfect, past perfect, or future perfect form of the irregular verb in parentheses so that the verb fits the meaning of the sentence.
66. Joe _____ (to catch) the ball as it reached the top of the outfield fence.
67. The car was cruising along the highway smoothly until it _____ (to hit) a huge bump.
68. Dorothy and the baby _____ (to sleep) for two hours when they returned from a visit to Grandma.
69. At the end of the trial, Judge Ann Marie Smith _____ (to rise) from her chair and left the courtroom.
70. Last week, the Yankees _____ (to beat) their fiercest rivals.
71. From 2010 through 2011, the confused clerk _____ (to put) all the forms in the wrong file cabinet.
72. The helicopter _____ (to fly) straight up into the sky and then headed south.
73. George _____ (to see) Miss Duke, his little dog, and grabbed her before she could run away again.
74. I didn’t know that you _____ (to swim) in the deep water last summer; I thought you were less advanced in your swimming skills.
75. Nelson wouldn’t _____ (to get) sick if he had washed his hands more frequently.
76. The bully approached, but because my uncle _____ (to teach) me how to handle difficult people, I wasn’t afraid.
77. The doctor _____ (to do) everything in his power; now Allison must wait for the medicine to take effect.
78. Miriam _____ (to let) the dogs out for a few minutes, but she will call them inside soon.
79. Although Adam _____ (to find) a good candidate already, the boss continued to interview others for the job.
80. “Who _____ (to begin) the fight, you or your brother?” asked Mother as she separated her battling children.
81. After you _____ (to send) the letter, shred the scrap copies.
82. At first, the rain was simply annoying, but when it _____ (to freeze), the streets became very slippery, and many pedestrians fell.
83. Albert _____ (to tear) his shirt when he crawled through the obstacle course.
84. “I _____ (to know) it!” exclaimed the detective as the murderer confessed.
85. When she attempted to pay for her coffee, Lee discovered that she _____ (to lose) all her coins because of a small hole in her pocket.
86. By midnight Angie _____ (to sing) that aria enough times to set a world record.
87. In ancient times, murderers were often _____ (to hang) in the public square.
88. The picture _____ (to hang) on the wall for years, but no one noticed it.
89. The janitor _____ (to sweep) the sidewalk before the students arrive, so expect a clean path.
90. The soldiers _____ (to lay) down their weapons but are ready to resume target practice at a moment’s notice.
Dealing with To Be and To Have
91–105 Select the proper form of the verb to be or to have to fit the meaning of the sentence.
91. The marble statue _____ (to be) on the shelf right now, but earlier it was in the sculptor’s studio.
92. Along with Jack, I _____ (to be) bored and decided to watch a different show.
93. The co-presidents _____ (to have) no trouble persuading club members to go out for pizza when they suggest the excursion at the end of the meeting because everyone will be hungry then.
94. Louisa rejected the sofa when it was delivered because it _____ (to have) a stain on one cushion.
95. Max _____ (to be) sick for the last two days, but the doctor predicts that his temperature will be normal tomorrow.
96. The lottery winners _____ (to be) difficult; they refuse to share their winnings.
97. If the referee and the coach can’t agree, our efforts _____ (to be) fruitless because we will forfeit the game.
98. Shelley _____ (to have) difficulty getting up on time ever since her alarm clock broke, but she plans to buy a new one soon.
99. While the elevators were rising, the mechanic _____ (to have) doubts about the strange noises below.
100. We _____ (to be) here, patiently waiting, for more than four hours before Justin arrived.
101. When Doreen _____ (to be) 23, she struggled to start her business, but one day, sales began to rise.
102. By the time it opens on Broadway, the show _____ (to have) four different directors.
103. Dolores, who _____ (to be) your friend, begs you to forgive her.
104. Doug, who _____ (to be) very immature in those days, used to stick gum under everyone’s desk.
105. Sam thought that his mom _____ (to have) a stroke, but fortunately, he was wrong; it was just a headache.
Adding Meaning with Helping Verbs
106–120 Choose the verb form that expresses the tense of the verb and the shade of meaning shown in parentheses.
106. Shelly’s song _____ (to win, present tense, ability) her an award for “Best New Artist.”
107. Alice _____ (to fly, future, possibility) to Buenos Aires on business next week.
108. Your hands _____ (to be, present, obligation) clean before you perform surgery, Doctor!
109. Because she loves that color, Helen _____ (to choose, present, possibility) only green blocks for her playhouse.
110. On Saturday mornings, the whole family _____ (to attend, past, repeated action) Wendy’s softball games and cheer her on.
111. The workers _____ (to pave, past, obligation) the street more smoothly, but they did a sloppy job.
112. Margaret _____ (to jump, past, ability) over the fence easily, but instead, she waited patiently for the guard to open the gate.
113. Enter the house quietly because the baby _____ (to be, present, possibility) asleep.
114. Sophie Garcia, the mathematician in charge of the project, was told that she _____ (to calculate, present, obligation) the odds of failure before making a recommendation.
115. The police detectives _____ (to arrest, present, obligation) Josephine for murder, as they have collected an overwhelming amount of evidence of Josephine’s crime.
116. If he graduates from high school with honors, Walter _____ (to enroll, future, ability) in college and continue on the path to success.
117. Seven hours ago, Otis said that he _____ (to prepare, past, possibility) dinner, but we are still waiting, hungrier than ever.
118. “You _____,” (to continue, present, permission) remarked the teacher as the student hesitated.
119. If it had not rained, Sam _____ (to go, past, condition) for a walk.
120. With a sharp pencil, Eliza _____ (to poke, past, repeated action) through the flimsy paper and then ask for a new sheet to write on.
Creating Questions with Helping Verbs
121–130: Change the underlined portion of the sentence, as needed, to turn the statement into a question. Note: The period at the end of the sentence has been replaced by a question mark already.
121.Mary owns a small but valuable art collection?
122.Bert was carrying a large carton of crayons to the daycare center?
123.Jefferson will attend the committee meeting this afternoon, despite his busy schedule?
124.Gina has too many video games, according to her friend James?
125. After he had chewed his gum for an hour, Steven blew an enormous bubble?
126.The wire between the fenceposts sags so low that cattle cross easily from one field to the next?
127.Deborah is not interested in reading that poem aloud?
128.You will have eaten by the time George arrives at the restaurant?
129.Ellie went to the skating rink when it was closed?
130.The winning essay compared face-to-face communication with social media relationships?
Detecting and Placing Descriptive Verb Forms
131–140 In the sentence, which word or words function as descriptive verb forms (participles) and not as verbs?
131. In the flowing stream, Hank found a little paper boat.
132. Tom, pleased with his high test score, will celebrate with his family this evening.
133. In the last scene of the play, Eliza walks rapidly toward the setting sun.
134. Confused, Daniel is sorting through the instructions for the new computer and printer.
135. The mountains rising majestically in the background are a symbol of nature’s power.
136. The printed word, carrying meaning for centuries, will never be obsolete.
137. “I have done my homework!” screamed Andrew, tired of his mother’s nagging.
138. The research was done by laboratories around the world, all funded by one generous donor.
139. Amelia is performing in the play, although she hates the conceited director, who, hired under a long-term contract, does whatever he wishes.
140. The snake, sunning itself on the rock, slithered away when hikers came near.
Selecting Tense for Descriptive Verb Forms
141–150 Which form of the verb in parentheses works best as a description in the sentence?
141. _____ (to prepare) the room for redecoration, Vincent discovered a crack that grew longer with every tug of the wallpaper he was removing.
142. _____ (to speak) with intense emotion, the actor recites their lines every night without a trace of boredom.
143. _____ (to water) the plants during vacations, Caroline installed an automatic sprinkler.
144. The mayor, _____ (to vow, to fight) crime, will increase the number of police officers.
145. The cat raked sharp claws across the new desk _____ (to stand) in the corner of the living room.
146. His funds _____ (to exhaust), Nelson called home and begged for a loan from his parents.
147. Annie walked ten miles _____ (to visit) her Aunt Marie.
148. _____ (to walk) the entire shoreline this morning, Ed can assure the reporters at tonight’s news conference that all the beaches are ready to reopen.
149. Barbara and Arnie, _____ (to confer) already, will need no introduction when they attend the next meeting.
150. “It’s great _____ (to meet) you!” exclaimed Paul as he shook hands with his new tennis partner, who had never seen Paul before in his life.
