Читать книгу Grammar: 1001 Practice Questions For Dummies (+ Free Online Practice) - Woods Geraldine, Geraldine Woods - Страница 25

Chapter 11

Correct with a Capital C: Capitalization

Capital letters are also called “uppercase” because early printers kept them in the upper, harder-to-reach case. As they set type, the printers needed capital letters less often than the more common, noncapital letters, which they kept close at hand in the lower case. (That's why noncapital letters are “lowercase.”) Nowadays, you don't have to reach for anything except a keyboard when you're writing, but you still have to use capitals properly. In this chapter you practice inserting capital letters where they’re needed and nowhere else.

The Questions You’ll Work On

In this chapter, you work on these questions:

 Deciding when to capitalize people’s names and titles, relationships, and ethnicity

 Choosing capitals or lowercase letters for dates, seasons, geographical names, and regions

 Selecting capitals for the titles of literary and scientific works and historical eras or events

 Placing capitals in references to school years and courses

 Following the rules for capital letters in quotations

What to Watch Out For

Keep these points in mind when you’re answering the questions in this chapter:

 Proper names and the personal pronoun I are capitalized. Also capitalized is a title used as a name or preceding the name of the person holding that title.

 Seasons of the year aren’t capitalized, but the names of months and days are.

 The proper names of countries, regions, and geographical features are capitalized. Generic geographical references are in lowercase.

 The first letter of a sentence, title, or subtitle is always capitalized. In headline style, nouns, verbs, and other important words in titles are capitalized; less important words aren’t. Titles of scientific works generally follow sentence style, capitalizing only the first word of the title and subtitle, as well as any proper names.

 School years are in lowercase. Subject areas, except for languages or references to countries, aren’t capitalized. The names of courses are capitalized in headline style.

 The first word of a quotation that is connected to a speaker tag (he said, I stated, and so forth) is capitalized. Quotations inserted into a sentence without a speaker tag begin with a lowercase letter unless the first word is a proper name or the pronoun I. The second half of an interrupted quotation begins with a lowercase letter.

Capitalizing Names, Titles, Relationships, and Ethnicity

502–521 Which words should be capitalized?

502. i celebrate thanksgiving with my family at mary’s house.

503. the ambassador told president fowler that war was avoidable if both countries signed the treaty.

504. yesterday peter expressed his belief that the senator will lose the next election.

505. recently, professor smith, dean of faculty, revised the requirements for promotion to department head.

506. the display of art made by asian americans drew huge crowds; more than 50 artists were represented.

507. did you know that aunt elizabeth always invites grandma and grandpa to her son’s birthday party?

508. louise smith, chief of operations at medico incorporated, introduced vice president ellis to the staff.

509. conchetta, a distant cousin, recently met the secretary of state.

510. a famous grocery, ballocco’s italian specialties, has both a website and a physical store.

511. pierre enjoys the crisp, cool air of autumn.

512. the district attorney gave me five pages of testimony from the principal prosecution witness, general rodriguez.

513. his polish girlfriend taught aunt may and me how to dance the polka, playing many songs suitable for that type of dance.

514. martin luther king jr. received the nobel peace prize in 1964.

515. janice jones, treasurer of our religious study group, asked for a moment of silence in memory of the recently deceased school principal.

516. the annual greek-american parade takes place tomorrow, according to archbishop kerakalos, the head of the greek historical society.

517. how many non-european hockey players participate in the international league of ice hockey, the organization that oversees the schedule and salaries?

518. my favorite film star, jeffrey o. phelps, won the oscar for best supporting actor.

519. the mayor fired daniel ellis, a supervisor with the department of parks, after hurricane sandy.

520. her brother worked for consolidated edison, which supplies electricity to the city, until 2012, when he retired with the rank of vice president.

521. does mother know that uncle bill just left for alabama, where he will run for senator?

Capitalizing Geographical Names, Quotations, and School References

522–532 Which words should be capitalized?

522. my french teacher is from tunisia, a country in africa where that language is widely spoken.

523. when alan was a sophomore, he spent every monday in december working on a mural for the school cafeteria.

524. last winter, marian said, “every snowy day is a treasure.”

525. lucy loves her history class, but she excels in science and math.

526. in the spring, you should take introduction to biology instead of nuclear physics.

527. lou thinks that sandals are “light and airy.”

528. to reach the rocky mountains, i drove west for three days last summer.

529. ruining the entire month, april 15th is the deadline for filing tax returns each year.

530. “i invest in fine art,” remarked jean, “because i like to support local artists.”

531. joe lives in tribeca, a neighborhood in manhattan, but he’s originally from the midwest.

532. having gobbled up my french fries, johnny then wiped his greasy fingers on my best egyptian cotton towels.

Capitalizing the Titles of Artistic or Scientific Works

533–541 Which words in each title should be capitalized? Note: Check the parentheses to see whether the work follows headline or sentence style.

533. the love song of benny and jenny (headline style)

534. penicillin: an examination of the safety and effectiveness of a common antibiotic (sentence style)

535. superbug, snakefeet, and fish teeth: a history of three rock bands (headline style)

536. serafina my love: how two star-crossed lovers met their fate (headline style)

537. traffic circulation patterns: an analysis of driver choice from 2005–2015 (sentence style)

538. hospital sanitary practices: a guide for administrators (sentence style)

539. you get more than you pay for by bargaining! (headline style)

540. basil: an invasive crop or helpful newcomer? (sentence style)

541. are you listening? a musician’s memoir of an auditory education (headline style)