| ACTH | adrenocorticotropic hormone |
| ADP | air displacement plethysmography |
| AHI | Apnea/Hypopnea Index |
| AHO | Albright hereditary osteodystrophy |
| AHS | ad hoc stomach |
| ART | assisted reproductive technology |
| ASCVD | atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease |
| ASP | acylation‐stimulating protein |
| ATP | adenosine triphosphate |
| AgRP | agouti‐related peptide |
| BAT | brown adipose tissue |
| BDI | Beck Depression Inventory |
| BED | binge‐eating disorder |
| BGL | blood glucose levels |
| BIA | bio‐electrical impedance analysis |
| BIH | benign intracranial hypertension |
| BMI | Body Mass Index |
| BMR | basal metabolic rate |
| BPD | biliopancreatic diversion procedure |
| CART | cocaine and amphetamine‐related transcript |
| CBT | cognitive behavioral therapy |
| CKK | cholecystokinin |
| CETP | cholesteryl ester transfer protein |
| CHD | coronary heart disease |
| CHF | congestive heart failure |
| CI | confidence interval |
| CNS | central nervous system |
| COH | controlled ovarian hyperstimulation |
| COPD | chronic obstructive pulmonary disease |
| CPAP | continuous positive airway pressure |
| CPE | carboxypeptidase E |
| CPT1 | carnitine palmitoyl transferase‐1 |
| CRH | corticotrophin‐releasing hormone |
| CRP | C‐reactive protein |
| CT | computed tomography |
| CVD | cardiovascular disease |
| DAG | diacyl glycerol |
| DALY | disability‐adjusted life‐years |
| DC | direct calorimetry |
| DIT | diet‐induced thermogenesis |
| DOHaD | developmental origins of health and disease |
| DEXA | dual‐energy X‐ray absorptiometry |
| EB | energy balance |
| EBM | evidence‐based medicine |
| ED | erectile dysfunction |
| EDS | excessive daytime sleepiness |
| EE | energy expenditure |
| EI | energy intake |
| EMCL | extramyocellular lipid |
| EMG | electromyogram |
| EMR | electronic medical record |
| EOG | electro‐oculogram |
| EPOC | postexercise oxygen consumption |
| FABP | fatty acid binding proteins |
| FDG‐PET | fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography |
| FFA | free fatty acids |
| FFM | fat‐free mass |
| FFQ | food frequency questionnaire |
| fMRI | functional magnetic resonance imaging |
| GERD | gastroesophageal reflux disease |
| GDM | gestational diabetes |
| GH | growth hormone |
| GHD | growth hormone deficiency |
| GHS‐R1a | growth hormone secretagog receptor 1a |
| GI | gastrointestinal; Glycemic Index |
| GIP | gastric inhibitory peptide |
| GL | glycemic load |
| GLP‐1 | glucagon‐like peptide‐1 |
| GLUT‐4 | glucose transporter‐4 CER ceramide |
| HCC | hepatocellular carcinoma |
| HCG | human chorionic gonadotropin |
| HD | hydrodensitometry |
| HDL | High‐density lipoprotein |
| HB‐EGF | heparin‐binding epidermal growth factor like growth factor |
| HF | heart failure |
| HSL | hormone‐sensitive lipase |
| IAPP | islet amyloid polypeptide |
| IBW | ideal body weight |
| IC | indirect calorimetry |
| IDF | International Diabetes Federation |
| IGT | impaired glucose tolerance |
| IHD | ischemic heart disease |
| IMCL | intramyocellular lipid |
| IOTF | International Obesity Task Force |
| IRS | insulin receptor substrates |
| IUGR | intrauterine growth restriction |
| IVF | in vitro fertilization |
| JIB | jejunoileal bypass |
| KO | knockout |
| LAGB | laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding |
| LAUP | laser‐assisted uvulopalatoplasty |
| LDL | low‐density lipoprotein |
| LBM | lean body mass |
| LED | low‐energy diets |
| LH | lateral hypothalamic; luteinizing hormone |
| LPL | lipoprotein lipase |
| LV | left ventricular |
| MACE | major adverse cardiac event |
| MAD | mandibular advancement devices |
| MAFLD | metabolic dysfunction‐associated fatty liver disease |
| MAS | McCune–Albright syndrome |
| MC4R | melanocortin concentrating hormone receptor 4 |
| MCH | melanin‐concentrating hormone |
| MCP‐1 | monocyte chemoattractant protein‐1 |
| MET | metabolic equivalent |
| MI | myocardial infarction |
| MIF | migration inhibitory factor |
| MMP | matrix metalloproteinase |
| MR | Mendelian Randomisation |
| MRI | magnetic resonance imaging |
| MRS | magnetic resonance spectroscopy |
| MS | metabolic syndrome |
| MSR | macrophage scavenger receptor |
| MUFA | monounsaturated fatty acid |
| NAFLD | nonalcoholic fatty liver disease |
| NASH | nonalcoholic steatohepatitis |
| NCD | noncommunicable diseases |
| NCEP | National Cholesterol Education Program |
| NE | norepinephrine |
| NEAT | nonexercise activity thermogenesis |
| NEFA | nonesterified fatty acids |
| NGF | nerve growth factor |
| NGT | normal glucose tolerance |
| NHLBI | National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute |
| NMB | neuromedin B |
| NMR | nuclear magnetic resonance |
| NPY | neuropeptide Y |
| NPY/AgRP | neuropeptide‐Y/agouti‐related protein |
| NREM | nonrapid eye movement |
| NST | nucleus of the solitary tract |
| NTS | nucleus tractus solitarius |
| OFC | orbitofrontal cortex |
| OGTT | oral glucose tolerance test |
| OHS | obesity hypoventilation syndrome |
| OR | odds ratio |
| OSA | obstructive sleep apnea |
| PAI‐1 | plasminogen activator inhibitor‐1 |
| PCOS | polycystic ovary syndrome |
| PHT | pulmonary hypertension |
| PMF | protein‐modified fast |
| POMC | pro‐opiomelanocortin |
| PP | pancreatic polypeptide |
| PSG | polysomnography |
| PTP1B | protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B |
| PUFA | polyunsaturated fatty acids |
| PVN | paraventricular nucleus |
| PWS | Prader–Willi syndrome |
| QOL | quality of life |
| Ra | rate of appearance |
| RBP‐4 | retinol binding protein‐4 |
| REE | resting energy expenditure |
| REM | rapid eye movement |
| RMR | resting metabolic rate |
| ROS | reactive oxygen species |
| RPE | rating of perceived exertion |
| RQ | respiratory quotient |
| RR | relative risk |
| RYGB | Roux‐en‐Y gastric bypass |
| SCFAs | short chain fatty acids |
| SD | standard deviations |
| SES | socio‐economic status |
| SFA | saturated fatty acids |
| SHGB | sex hormone‐binding globulin |
| SNP | single nucleotide polymorphisms |
| SNS | sympathetic nervous system |
| SPA | spontaneous physical activity |
| T1DM | type 1 diabetes mellitus |
| T2DM | type 2 diabetes mellitus |
| TCRFTA | temperature‐controlled radiofrequency ablation to the tongue base and palate |
| TEF | thermic effect of food |
| TG | triacylglycerol/triglyceride |
| TIMP | tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase |
| TRH | thyrotropin‐releasing hormone |
| TSH | thyroid‐stimulating hormone |
| UCP‐1 | uncoupling protein 1 |
| UPPP | uvulopalatopharyngoplasty |
| VAI | visceral adiposity index |
| VAT | visceral adipose tissue |
| VBG | vertical banded gastroplasty |
| VEGF | vascular endothelial growth factor |
| VLCD | very low‐calorie diets |
| VLDL | very low‐density lipoprotein |
| VLED | very low‐energy diets |
| VMH | ventromedial hypothalamus |
| WAT | white adipose tissue |
| WC | waist circumference |
| WHO | World Health Organization |
| WHR | waist/hip ratio |
