Читать книгу Clinical Obesity in Adults and Children - Группа авторов - Страница 4

1 Chapter 1Figure 1.1 Obesity prevalences in different regions of the world. Data for m...Figure 1.2 The prevalences of obesity in men and women in cohorts with over ...Figure 1.3 The relationship between the prevalences of obesity and diabetes ...Figure 1.4 An illustration of the principal factors leading to the obesity e...Figure 1.5 The global burden of disease assessed in terms of disability‐adju...Figure 1.6 The McKinsey Global Institute’s economic analysis of the social b...

2 Chapter 2Figure 2.1 Prevalence of obesity (body mass index ≥30 kg/m²) among adults in...Figure 2.2 World map of the prevalence of adult obesity (age 20+ years) in 2...Figure 2.3 World map of the prevalence of childhood obesity in girls (a) and...Figure 2.4 World map of the prevalence of childhood obesity in girls (a) and...

3 Chapter 3Figure 3.1 Lifecourse view of noncommunicable disease risk.Figure 3.2 Associations of maternal pre‐pregnancy BMI and gestational weight...Figure 3.3 Association of Mediterranean diet score in pregnancy with child B...Figure 3.4 Association of maternal number of cigarettes smoked per day and r...

4 Chapter 4Figure 4.1 Clinical response to leptin therapy in congenital leptin deficien...Figure 4.2 Changes in energy intake and expenditure in two children with con...Figure 4.3 Leptin therapy is associated with pulsatile gonadotropin secretio...Figure 4.4 Hypothalamic pathways regulating body weight.

5 Chapter 5Figure 5.1 Ecological model of weight stigma.

6 Chapter 6Figure 6.1 Basic concepts in the Nutritional Geometry framework. (a) Dietary...Figure 6.2 Homeostatic regulation of dietary balance by insects. (a) Self‐se...Figure 6.3 Regulatory responses by free‐ranging Peruvian spider monkeys (Ate...Figure 6.4 Dietary macronutrient regulation in humans. (a) Data from the FAO...Figure 6.5 Response of human appetite systems to variation in dietary macron...Figure 6.6 Effect on protein leverage of increased protein requirements rela...Figure 6.7 Relationship between ultra‐processed food consumption and protein...

7 Chapter 7Figure 7.1 General framework of living environments, energy‐related behavior...Figure 7.2 Difference between self‐defined neighborhood and buffer around re...

8 Chapter 8Figure 8.1 The obesity systems map [20]. Content is available under the Open...Figure 8.2 illustrates how tonic and episodic influences interact. Tonic exc...Figure 8.3 Satiety cascade [26] depicts the interplay between the homeostati...Figure 8.4 Model to explain overconsumption with highly palatable food [27]....

9 Chapter 9Figure 9.1 Principles of energy balance within a schematic framework that de...Figure 9.2 Contribution of organ/tissues to basal metabolic rate (BMR) of a ...Figure 9.3 Components of energy expenditure contributing to voluntary and in...Figure 9.4 Hypothalamic circuits implicated in the control of food intake de...Figure 9.5 Neuropeptides implicated in coordinated effects on both energy in...Figure 9.6 Sympathetic nervous system (SNS) activity in various organs/tissu...Figure 9.7 Integrating energy intake and energy expenditure in an overview o...

10 Chapter 10Figure 10.1 Schematic representation of the mechanisms linking adipokines an...

11 Chapter 11Figure 11.1 The human white adipose tissue fat storing compartments are made...

12 Chapter 13Figure 13.1 Role of inflammation and oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of...Figure 13.2 Contributing factors linking MAFLD with MS. ER, endoplasmic reti...

13 Chapter 14Figure 14.1 Hazard ratios (HRs) for CHD and ischemic stroke across quantiles...Figure 14.2 Associations between body mass index (kg/m²), HbA1c, and the ris...Figure 14.3 Associations of genetically predicted 1 kg/m² increase in (a) bo...Figure 14.4 Redefining pathways to heart failure and renal disease in patien...Figure 14.5 Cumulative incidence rates during 9 years of follow‐up. (a) Macr...Figure 14.6 This figure summarises the wide range of evidence linking obesit...

14 Chapter 15Figure 15.1 5‐minute tracing of a patient with typical severe obstructive sl...Figure 15.2 Two‐hour oximetry recording, with transcutaneous (tc) CO₂ monito...Figure 15.3 Obesity (measured by BMI kg/m²) is an important predictor of OSA...Figure 15.4 (a) One‐hour oximetry recording during sleep in a patient with s...Figure 15.5 Five‐minute tracing of a patient with typical severe obstructive...Figure 15.6 Efficacy of nasal ventilation in a patient with OHS. Recordings ...

15 Chapter 16Figure 16.1 Cancers associated with overweight and obesity.Figure 16.2 Incidence and mortality from specific cancer sites in males and ...Figure 16.3 Body mass index and colorectal cancer, nonlinear dose‐response....

16 Chapter 18Figure 18.1 A meta‐analysis of weight loss in 48 ad libitum low‐fat diet int...Figure 18.2 Weight change over 4 year periods according to quintiles of chan...Figure 18.3 Weight loss patterns for those on a 5–6 MJ (1200–1500 kcal) diet...Figure 18.4 Mean weight loss over 12 months of either traditional prescripti...

17 Chapter 19Figure 19.1 Example of a behavioral chain. Each chain represents a process t...Figure 19.2 Typical visit flow for an individual patient visit.

18 Chapter 20Figure 20.1 Changes in body weight with a variety of weight‐loss interventio...Figure 20.2 Physiological adaptations to weight loss. (a) A positive “energy...Figure 20.3 Relationship between EI and PA level. (a) The expected physiolog...Figure 20.4 EE plateaus with time (seen here from week 8 of a half marathon ...Figure 20.5 Body weight and calorie intake across multiple PA levels in a st...Figure 20.6 (a) Relationship between body weight status and the calories req...

19 Chapter 21Figure 21.1 Potential sites of action with examples of drug treatments for o...Figure 21.2 Currently approved drugs.

20 Chapter 22Figure 22.1 Jejunoileal bypass.Figure 22.2 Roux‐en‐Y gastric bypass. DNA Illustrations/Science Source.Figure 22.3 Vertical banded gastroplasty.Figure 22.4 Biliopancreatic diversion.Figure 22.5 Biliopancreatic diversion with duodenal switch.Figure 22.6 Laparoscopic adjustable gastric band.Figure 22.7 Vertical sleeve gastrectomy.

21 Chapter 23Figure 23.1 Weight loss maintenance in self‐directed, interactive technology...Figure 23.2 Weight regain in 24 month STOP REGAIN study.

22 Chapter 24Figure 24.1 Framework for integrated clinical and community systems of care....

23 Chapter 25Figure 25.1 The social‐ecological model emphasizing that institutional, comm...Figure 25.2 The Kumanyika Equity‐oriented Obesity Prevention Framework. Most...Figure 25.3 The Chilean front‐of‐pack warning labels showing foods high in c...

24 Chapter 26Figure 26.1 Acanthosis nigricans with excrescence on left lateral neck.Figure 26.2 Clinical examination of the child/adolescent with obesity, with ...Figure 26.3 Accurate height measurement of a child using a stadiometer.

25 Chapter 27Figure 27.1 Different options and settings for the treatment of childhood ob...

26 Chapter 28Figure 28.1 The IOTF Causal Web 1999.Figure 28.2 Determinants of nutrition security, WHO‐Europe 2002.Figure 28.3 Foresight Obesity Systems Map 2007.Figure 28.4 UNICEF systems‐based schema showing examples of systems influenc...

27 Chapter 29Figure 29.1 Social determinants of health.

28 Chapter 30Figure 30.1 The Innocenti Framework on Food Systems for Children and Adolesc...Figure 30.2 The Drivers of Global Syndemic Framework [3].Figure 30.3 Pathways for the effect of fiscal policy interventions.

29 Chapter 31Figure 31.1 The burden of malnutrition in all its forms.Figure 31.2 The Systems Outcomes Framework.Figure 31.3 The general relationship between model sophistication and system...Figure 31.4 Examples of triple‐duty actions.Figure 31.5 Causal Loop Diagram (systems map) from a WHOSTOPS community.