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1 Remake, directed by Dino Mustafić, Bosnia-Herzegovina/France, 2002.

2 A. Dirk Moses, ‘Genocide and the Terror of History’, Parallax, 17, 2011, 4, 90-108; Charles Maier, The Unmasterable Past: History, Holocaust, and German National Identity, Harvard: Harvard University Press, 1988.

3 See Michael A.K. Halliday, System and function in language. Selected papers edited by Gunther Kress, London: Oxford University Press, 1976, 179-182, and Michael A.K. Halliday, An introduction to functional grammar, London: Edward Arnold, 1989, 38-67.

4 Halliday, System and function in language, 181; Halliday, An introduction to functional grammar, 45; Norman Fairclough, Discourse and social change, Cambridge: Polity Press, 2003, 184.

5 Fairclough, Discourse and social change, 183 (It should be noted, however, that Halliday distinguishes between ‘theme’ and ‘given’ as two functionally distinct concepts that often collide in the same elements).

6 Indeed, Michael Halliday himself points to an example where the theme of a group of sentences is also the theme of the book in which they occur. Halliday, An introduction to functional grammar, 67.

7 On Holocaust, see Klas-Göran Karlsson, ‘The Holocaust as a Problem of Historical Culture. Theoretical and Analytical Challenges,’ in Klas-Göran Karlsson and Ulf Zander, eds., Echoes of the Holocaust, Lund: Nordic Academic Press, 2003, 15. On politics of national security, see Barry Buzan, Ole Wæver, Jaap de Wilde, Security: a new framework for analysis, Boulder, Colorado: Lynne Rienner, 1998, 23-26.

8 For a similar understanding of the concept, see also Jan Eivind Myhre, ‘Den Norske Historiske Kultur. Om sammenheng og fragmentering i norsk historieforskning’, Historisk Tidsskrift (Oslo), 1994, 3, and William H. Hubbard et al., eds., Making a Historical Culture. Histioriography in Norway, Oslo: Scandinavian University Press, 1995.

9 Karlsson, ‘The Holocaust as a problem of historical culture’, 32; Claus Bryld, ‘Fra historieskrivningens historie til historiekulturens historie? Idéer til en udvidelse af det historiografiske begreb’, in Historien og historikerne i Norden efter 1965, Aarhus: Aarhus Universitetsforlag, 1991; Jörn Rüsen, ‘Was ist Geschichtskultur? Überlegungen zu einer neuen Art über Geschichte nachzudenken’, in Klaus Füßmann et al., eds., Historische Faszination. Geschichtskultur heute, Köln: Böhlau Verlag, 1994, 3-5. The importance of many of these elements has also been emphasised in studies of public or collective memory; see for example: James E. Young, The Texture of Memory. Holocaust Memorials and Meaning, New Haven: Yale University Press, 1993; Claus Bryld and Anette Warring, Besættelsestiden som kollektiv erindring, Copenhagen: Roskilde Universitetsforlag, 1998. In Maurice Halbwachs’ groundbreaking studies, the role of space is emphasised as well. See e.g. Maurice Halbwachs, The Collective Memory, New York: Harper Colophon Books, 1980.

10 Bryld, ‘Fra historieskrivningens historie til historiekulturens historie’, 87; Karlsson, ‘The Holocaust as a problem of historical culture’, 45; Jörn Rüsen, ‘Was ist Geschichtskultur?’, in Klaus Füßmann et al., eds., Historische Faszination; and Rüsen, ‘Gescichtskultur als Forschungsproblem’, in Klaus Frölich et al., eds, Geschichtskultur, Jahrbücher für Geschichtsdidaktik, 1991-1992, Pfaffenweiler: Centaurus Verlagsgesellschaft, 1992, 40. Rüsen’s approach is more oriented towards cognitive aspects of historical culture and historical consciousness. On the relationship between historical culture and historical consciousness, see also: Carsten Tage Nielsen, Historie til aftenkaffen. En historiekulturel analyse af tv-nyhedsformidlingen som historieproducerende diskurs, PhD thesis, Roskilde Universitetscenter, 1996, 37-58; Carsten Tage Nielsen, ‘Historiekultur og historiebevidsthed – alternative diskurser om historie’, Den Jyske Historiker, December 1995.

11 A.L. Rowse, The use of history, (3. ed.), London: English Universities Press, 1947, 26.

12 For discussions of the concept of ‘collective memory’ see Amos Funkenstein, ‘Collective Memory and Historical Consciousness’, History and Memory, 1, 1989, 1, 5-26; Noa Gedi and Yigal Elam, ‘Collective Memory – What Is It?’, History and Memory, 8, 1996, 1, 30-50; Anette Warring, ‘Kollektiv erindring – et brugbart begreb?’, in Bernard Eric Jensen et al., eds., Eridringens og glemslens politik, Roskilde, Roskilde Universitetsforlag, 1996, 206-231. The concept ‘collected memories’ was suggested by James E. Young in order to take into consideration the individuality of remembrance, Young, The Texture of Memory, xi.

13 For a parallel example, see Francesca Cappelletto’s studies of the ways memories of wartime massacres in Italian villages have been preserved and sometimes solidified into fixed narratives, thereby forming alternatives to the official and national version of the events: Francesca Cappelletto, ‘Memories of Nazi-Fascist Massacres in Two Central Italian Villages’, Sociologia Ruralis, 38, 1998, 1, 69-85; Francesca Cappelletto, ‘Long-term memory of extreme events: from autobiography to history’, Journal of Royal Anthropological Institute, 9, 2003, 2, 241-260.

14 For a discussion of the recent changes in the relationship between memory and history, see Pierre Nora, ‘Reasons for the Current Upsurge in Memory’, Eurozine, 19 April 2002.

15 Karlsson, ‘The Holocaust as a problem of historical culture’, 38.

16 Ibid, 40-43, Karlsson, Klas-Göran, Historia som Vapen, Stockholm: Natur och Kultur, 1999, 57-61.

17 Fairclough, Discourse and Social Change, 63ff.

18 Stef Slembrouck, ‘Explanation, Interpretation, and Critique in the Analysis of Discourse’, Critique of Anthropology, 21, 2001, (1), 45.

19 Fairclough, Discourse and Social Change, 81ff.

20 Both quoted in Samuel Totten and William Parsons, ‘Introduction’, in Samuel Totten et al., eds., Century of Genocide. Critical essays and eyewitness accounts, New York: Routledge, 2004, p. 3-4. The U.N. resolution of 1946 included a broader scope of victims, but in a less precise way, and these were later excluded from the convention. See also Anders Bjørn Hansen, ‘Folkemordsforskningen gennem 50 år – en definitorisk tilgang’, Den Jyske Historiker, 90, 2000, 41.

21 David S. Wyman, ‘Introduction’, in David S. Wyman, ed., The World Reacts to the Holocaust, Baltimore: The John Hopkins University Press, 1996, xix-xxiii.

22 See e.g. Tony Judt, ‘The past is another country: myth and memory in postwar Europe’, Daedalus, 121, No. 4, 1992, 83-118; R.J.B Bosworth, Explaining Auschwitz & Hiroshima. History Writing and the Second World War, 1945-1990, London: Routledge, 1993.

23 Orna Kenan, Between Memory and History. The Evolution of Israeli historiography of the Holocaust 1941-1961, New York: Peter Lang, 2003; Dalia Ofer, ‘Israel’, in David S. Wyman, ed., The World Reacts to the Holocaust, 873-880, 885-889.

24 Peter Novick, The Holocaust and Collective Memory. The American Experience, London: Bloomsbury, 2000.

25 Klas-Göran Karlsson, ‘The Holocaust and Russian Historical Culture’, in Klas-Göran Karlsson and Ulf Zander, Echoes of the Holocaust, 201-222; Pär Frohnert, ‘The Presence of the Holocaust. Vergangenheitsbewältigung in West Germany, East Germany and Austria’, in Ibid, 81-114; Livia Rothkirchen, ‘Czechoslovakia’, in David S. Wyman, ed., The World Reacts to the Holocaust.

26 Lucy S. Dawidowicz, The Holocaust and the Historians, Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1981, 1.

27 Torben Jørgensen, ‘Udforskningen af folkemordet på de europæiske jøder’, Den Jyske Historiker, 90, 2000, 60.

28 Helen Fein, Genocide: A Sociological Perspective, London: Sage Publications, 1993, 5; Hansen: ‘Folkemord gennem 50 år’, 39-59. This tendency can also be detected from the amount of works cited and the years of publication in Israel W. Charny, ed., Genocide. A Critical Bibliographic Review, London: Mansell Publishers, 1988.

29 Charles S. Maier, ‘A Surfeit of Memory’, History and Memory, 5, 1993, 140.

30 A new Yugoslav Encyclopaedia was under publication in the 1980s, but the project was abandoned around the letter K. The volume containing G does not mention Genocide. Genocide is, however, included in the new Croatian Encyclopaedia, but without reference to Ustasha or Yugoslav Second World War history. See Hrvatska Enciklopedija, vol. 4, Zagreb: Leksikografski zavod ‘Miroslav Krleža’, 2002, 150.

31 Vojna Enciklopaedija, vol. 3, Belgrade: 1960, 340.

32 Ibid, 339.

33 Josip Broz Tito, ‘Govor na proslavi dana ustanka na Kozari’ (27^th July 1951), in Josip Broz Tito, Govori i Članci, IV, Zagreb: Naprijed, 1959, 74.

34 Ivan Božić, Sima Ćirković, Milorad Ekmečić and Vladimir Dedijer, Istorija Jugoslavije (second edition), Beograd: Prosveta, 1973, 476-543.

35 Vladimir Dedijer, Vatikan i Jasenovac: dokumenti, Belgrade: ‘Rad’, 1987, 10-11. See also Det internationale Krigsforbrydelsestribunal, 2. session, Danmark 1967, Copenhagen, 1967; Vladimir Dedijer and Arlette Elhaim, eds., Tribunal Russel: Le jugement de Stockholm, Paris: Gallimard, 1967.

36 Jasna Dragović-Soso, ‘Saviours of the Nation’. Serbia’s Intellectual Opposition and the Revival of Nationalism, London: Hurst, 2002, 100-114.

37 Bette Denich, ‘Dismembering Yugoslavia: nationalist ideologies and the symbolic revival of genocide’, American Ethnologist, 21, 1994, 2, 367-390; Robert M. Hayden, ‘Recounting the Dead. The Rediscovery and Redefinition of Wartime Massacres in Late- and Post-Communist Yugoslavia’, in Rubie S. Watson, ed., Memory, History and Opposition under State Socialism, Santa Fe: School of American Research Press, 1994, 167-184. See also David Bruce MacDonald, Balkan Holocausts? Serbian and Croatian victim-centred propaganda and the War in Yugoslavia, Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2002, in which elements of this tendency are investigated from a perspective of national myths and propaganda.

38 For overviews of Yugoslav Second World War historiography, see e.g. Wolfgang Hoepken, ‘War, Memory, and Education in a Fragmented Society: The Case of Yugoslavia’, East European Politics and Socities, 13, 1999, 1, 190-227; Wolfgang Höpken, ‘Von der Mythologisierung zur Stigmatisierung: “Krieg und Revolution” in Jugoslawien 1941-1948 im Spiegel von Geschichtswissenschaft und historischer Publizistik’, in E. Schmidt-Hartmann, ed., Kommunismus und Osteuropa. Konzepte, Perspektiven und Interpretationen im Wandel, München: R. Oldenburg Verlag, 1994, 165-201.

39 See for example Dedijer’s introductions to Milan Bulajić, Ustaški zločini genocida i suđenje Andrije Artukovića 1986. godine, vol. I, Beograd: Rad, 1988, 9-10, and to Vladimir Dedijer and Antun Miletić, Proterivanje Srba sa ognjišta: 1941-1944: Svedočanstva. Beograd: Prosveta, 1990, 8.

40 Denich, Bette, ‘Dismembering Yugoslavia’, 367, 370; Jasna Dragović-Soso, ‘Saviours of the Nation’, 104; Wolfgang, Hoepken, ‘War, Memory, and Education in a fragmented Society’, 200; See also Wendy Bracewell, ‘National histories and national identities among the Serbs and Croats’, in M. Fulbrook, ed., National histories and European history, Boulder 1993, 157; Robert M. Hayden, ‘Recounting the dead’, 173.