Читать книгу Democracy in America - Alexis de Tocqueville - Страница 6
Оглавление[print edition page viii]
[print edition page ix]
Contents
Translator’s Note
Key Terms
Foreword
Editor’s Introduction
Foreword to This Edition
DEMOCRACY IN AMERICA (1835) VOLUME I
CHAPTER 1: Exterior Configuration of North America
CHAPTER 2: Of the Point of Departure and Its Importance for the Future of the Anglo-Americans
Reasons for Some Singularities That the Laws and Customs of the Anglo-Americans Present
CHAPTER 3: Social State of the Anglo-Americans
That the Salient Point of the Social State of the Anglo-Americans Is to Be Essentially Democratic
[print edition page x]
Political Consequences of the Social State of the Anglo-Americans
CHAPTER 4: Of the Principle of the Sovereignty of the People in America
Of Administration in New England
General Ideas on Administration in the United States
Legislative Power of the State
Of the Executive Power of the State
Of the Political Effects of Administrative Decentralization in the United States
CHAPTER 6: Of the Judicial Power in the United States and Its Action on Political Society
Other Powers Granted to American Judges
CHAPTER 7: Of Political Jurisdiction in the United States
CHAPTER 8: Of the Federal Constitution
Historical Background of the Federal Constitution
Summary Picture of the Federal Constitution
Attributions of the Federal Government
[Difference between the Constitution of the Senate and That of the House of Representatives]
[print edition page xi]
Another Difference between the Senate and the House of Representatives
Accidental Causes That Can Increase the Influence of the Executive Power
Of the Election of the President
Of the Re-election of the President
Way of Determining the Jurisdiction of the Federal Courts
Different Cases of Jurisdiction
The Federal Courts’ Way of Proceeding
Elevated Rank That the Supreme Court Occupies among the Great Powers of the State
How the Federal Constitution Is Superior to the State Constitutions
Of the Advantages of the Federal System in General, and of Its Special Utility for America
CHAPTER 1: How It Can Be Strictly Said That in the United States It Is the People Who Govern
CHAPTER 2: Of Parties in the United States
Of the Remnants of the Aristocratic Party in the United States
CHAPTER 3: Of Freedom of the Press in the United States
[print edition page xii]
CHAPTER 4: Of Political Association in the United States
CHAPTER 5: Of the Government of Democracy in America
Of the Choices of the People and of the Instincts of American Democracy in Its Choices
Of the Causes That Can Partially Correct These Democratic Instincts
Influence That American Democracy Has Exercised on Electoral Laws
Of Public Officials under the Dominion of American Democracy
Of the Arbitrariness of Magistrates under the Dominion of American Democracy
Administrative Instability in the United States
Of Public Expenses under the Dominion of American Democracy
Of the Instincts of American Democracy in Determining the Salary of Officials
Difficulty of Discerning the Causes That Lead the American Government to Economy
[Influence of the Government of Democracy on the Tax Base and on the Use of the Tax Revenues]
[Influence of Democratic Government on the Use of Tax Revenues]
Can the Public Expenditures of the United States Be Compared with Those of France
Of What Efforts Democracy Is Capable
Of the Power That American Democracy Generally Exercises over Itself
Of the Manner in Which American Democracy Conducts the Foreign Affairs of the State
[print edition page xiii]
Of Public Spirit in the United States
Of the Idea of Rights in the United States
Of the Respect for the Law in the United States
CHAPTER 7: Of the Omnipotence of the Majority in the United States and Its Effects
Effects of the Omnipotence of the Majority on the Arbitrariness of American Public Officials
Of the Power Exercised by the Majority in America over Thought
That the Greatest Danger to the American Republics Comes from the Omnipotence of the Majority
CHAPTER 8: Of What Tempers Tyranny of the Majority in the United States
Absence of Administrative Centralization
Of the Spirit of the Jurist in the United States, and How It Serves as Counterweight to Democracy
Of the Jury in the United States Considered as a Political Institution
CHAPTER 9: Of the Principal Causes That Tend to Maintain the Democratic Republic in the United States
Of the Accidental or Providential Causes That Contribute to Maintaining the Democratic Republic in the United States
Of the Influence of Laws on Maintaining the Democratic Republic in the United States
[print edition page xiv]
Of the Influence of Mores on Maintaining the Democratic Republic in the United States
Of Religion Considered as a Political Institution, How It Serves Powerfully to Maintain the Democratic Republic among the Americans
Indirect Influence Exercised by Religious Beliefs on Political Society in the United States
Of the Principal Causes That Make Religion Powerful in America
How the Enlightenment, Habits, and Practical Experience of the Americans Contribute to the Success of Democratic Institutions
That Laws Serve More to Maintain the Democratic Republic in the United States than Physical Causes, and Mores More than Laws
Would Laws and Mores Be Sufficient to Maintain Democratic Institutions Elsewhere than in America?
Importance of What Precedes in Relation to Europe
CHAPTER 10: Some Considerations on the Present State and Probable Future of the Three Races That Inhabit the Territory of the United States
Present State and Probable Future of the Indian Tribes That Inhabit the Territory Possessed by the Union
Position That the Black Race Occupies in the United States; Dangers to Which Its Presence Exposes the Whites
What Are the Chances for the American Union to Last? What Dangers Threaten It?
Of Republican Institutions in the United States, What Are Their Chances of Lasting?
Some Considerations on the Causes of the Commercial Greatness of the United States
Conclusion
Notes
[print edition page xv]
DEMOCRACY IN AMERICA (1840) VOLUME II
Foreword
Part I: Influence of Democracy on the Intellectual Movement in the United States
CHAPTER 1: Of the Philosophical Method of the Americans
CHAPTER 2: Of the Principal Source of Beliefs among Democratic Peoples
CHAPTER 3: Why the Americans Show More Aptitude and Taste for General Ideas than Their Fathers the English
CHAPTER 4: Why the Americans Have Never Been as Passionate as the French about General Ideas in Political Matters
CHAPTER 5: How, in the United States, Religion Knows How to Make Use of Democratic Instincts
CHAPTER 6: Of the Progress of Catholicism in the United States
CHAPTER 7: What Makes the Minds of Democratic Peoples Incline toward Pantheism
CHAPTER 8: How Equality Suggests to the Americans the Idea of the Indefinite Perfectibility of Man
CHAPTER 9: How the Example of the Americans Does Not Prove That a Democratic People Cannot Have Aptitude and Taste for the Sciences, Literature, and the Arts
CHAPTER 10: Why the Americans Are More Attached to the Application of the Sciences than to the Theory
CHAPTER 11: In What Spirit the Americans Cultivate the Arts
CHAPTER 12: Why Americans Erect Such Small and Such Large Monuments at the Same Time
[print edition page xvi]
CHAPTER 13: Literary Physiognomy of Democratic Centuries
CHAPTER 14: Of the Literary Industry
CHAPTER 15: Why the Study of Greek and Latin Literature Is Particularly Useful in Democratic Societies
CHAPTER 16: How American Democracy Has Modified the English Language
CHAPTER 17: Of Some Sources of Poetry among Democratic Nations
CHAPTER 18: Why American Writers and Orators Are Often Bombastic
CHAPTER 19: Some Observations on the Theater of Democratic Peoples
CHAPTER 20: Of Some Tendencies Particular to Historians in Democratic Centuries
CHAPTER 21: Of Parliamentary Eloquence in the United States
Part II: Influence of Democracy on the Sentiments of the Americans
CHAPTER 1: Why Democratic Peoples Show a More Ardent and More Enduring Love for Equality than for Liberty
CHAPTER 2: Of Individualism in Democratic Countries
CHAPTER 3: How Individualism Is Greater at the End of a Democratic Revolution than at Another Time
CHAPTER 4: How the Americans Combat Individualism with Free Institutions
CHAPTER 5: Of the Use That Americans Make of Association in Civil Life
[print edition page xvii]
CHAPTER 6: Of the Relation between Associations and Newspapers
CHAPTER 7: Relations between Civil Associations and Political Associations
CHAPTER 8: How the Americans Combat Individualism by the Doctrine of Interest Well Understood
CHAPTER 9: How the Americans Apply the Doctrine of Interest Well Understood in the Matter of Religion
CHAPTER 10: Of the Taste for Material Well-Being in America
CHAPTER 11: Of the Particular Effects Produced by the Love of Material Enjoyments in Democratic Centuries
CHAPTER 12: Why Certain Americans Exhibit So Excited a Spiritualism
CHAPTER 13: Why the Americans Appear So Restless Amid Their Well-Being
CHAPTER 14: How the Taste for Material Enjoyment Is United, among the Americans, with the Love of Liberty and Concern for Public Affairs
CHAPTER 15: How from Time to Time Religious Beliefs Divert the Soul of the Americans toward Non-material Enjoyments
CHAPTER 16: How the Excessive Love of Well-Being Can Harm Well-Being
CHAPTER 17: How, in Times of Equality and Doubt, It Is Important to Push Back the Goal of Human Actions
CHAPTER 18: Why, among the Americans, All Honest Professions Are Considered Honorable
CHAPTER 19: What Makes Nearly All Americans Tend toward Industrial Professions
CHAPTER 20: How Aristocracy Could Emerge from Industry
[print edition page xviii]
Part III: Influence of Democracy on Mores Properly So Called
CHAPTER 1: How Mores Become Milder as Conditions Become Equal
CHAPTER 2: How Democracy Makes the Habitual Relations of the Americans Simpler and Easier
CHAPTER 3: Why the Americans Have So Little Susceptibility in Their Country and Show Such Susceptibility in Ours
CHAPTER 4: Consequences of the Three Preceding Chapters
CHAPTER 5: How Democracy Modifies the Relationships of Servant and Master
CHAPTER 6: How Democratic Institutions and Mores Tend to Raise the Cost and Shorten the Length of Leases
CHAPTER 7: Influence of Democracy on Salaries
CHAPTER 8: Influence of Democracy on the Family
CHAPTER 9: Education of Young Girls in the United States
CHAPTER 10: How the Young Girl Is Found Again in the Features of the Wife
CHAPTER 11: How Equality of Conditions Contributes to Maintaining Good Morals in America
CHAPTER 12: How the Americans Understand the Equality of Man and of Woman
CHAPTER 13: How Equality Divides the Americans Naturally into a Multitude of Small Particular Societies
CHAPTER 14: Some Reflections on American Manners
CHAPTER 15: Of the Gravity of Americans and Why It Does Not Prevent Them from Often Doing Thoughtless Things
[print edition page xix]
CHAPTER 16: Why the National Vanity of the Americans Is More Anxious and More Quarrelsome than That of the English
CHAPTER 17: How the Appearance of Society in the United States Is at the Very Same Time Agitated and Monotonous
CHAPTER 18: Of Honor in the United States and in Democratic Societies
CHAPTER 19: Why in the United States You Find So Many Ambitious Men and So Few Great Ambitions
CHAPTER 20: Of Positions Becoming an Industry among Certain Democratic Nations
CHAPTER 21: Why Great Revolutions Will Become Rare
CHAPTER 22: Why Democratic Peoples Naturally Desire Peace and Democratic Armies Naturally Desire War
CHAPTER 23: Which Class, in Democratic Armies, Is the Most Warlike and the Most Revolutionary
CHAPTER 24: What Makes Democratic Armies Weaker than Other Armies while Beginning a Military Campaign and More Formidable When the War Is Prolonged
CHAPTER 25: Of Discipline in Democratic Armies
CHAPTER 26: Some Considerations on War in Democratic Societies
Part IV: Of the Influence That Democratic Ideas and Sentiments Exercise on Political Society
CHAPTER 1: Equality Naturally Gives Men the Taste for Free Institutions
CHAPTER 2: That the Ideas of Democratic Peoples in Matters of Government Naturally Favor the Concentration of Powers
[print edition page xx]
CHAPTER 3: That the Sentiments of Democratic Peoples Are in Agreement with Their Ideas for Bringing Them to Concentrate Power
CHAPTER 4: Of Some Particular and Accidental Causes That End Up Leading a Democratic People to Centralize Power or That Turn Them Away from Doing So
CHAPTER 5: That among the European Nations of Today the Sovereign Power Increases although Sovereigns Are Less Stable
CHAPTER 6: What Type of Despotism Democratic Nations Have to Fear
CHAPTER 7: Continuation of the Preceding Chapters
CHAPTER 8: General View of the Subject
Notes
Appendixes
APPENDIX 1: Journey to Lake Oneida
APPENDIX 2: A Fortnight in the Wilderness
APPENDIX 3: Sects in America
APPENDIX 4: Political Activity in America
APPENDIX 5: Letter of Alexis de Tocqueville to Charles Stoffels
APPENDIX 6: Foreword to the Twelfth Edition
Works Used by Tocqueville
Bibliography
Index
