Читать книгу Interpreting and Using Statistics in Psychological Research - Andrew N. Christopher - Страница 34

1 The use of phrases such as “federal revenue enhancement” when the government announces a “tax increase” is making use of:the framing effect.the representativeness heuristic.illusory correlation.spurious correlation.

2 The tendency to conclude that a person who is athletic is more likely to be a cross-country runner than a master piano player illustrates use of:the law of small numbers.egocentrism.the availability heuristic.the representativeness heuristic.

3 Which of the following is NOT an example of the gambler’s fallacy?A number will not be drawn in the lottery on a particular day because it was drawn on the two preceding days.A fifth child in a family will be a boy because the first four children were girls.Carl is more likely to carry his umbrella to work when there is a “20% chance of rain” than when there is an “80% chance of dry weather.”All of the above are examples of the gambler’s fallacy.

4 Drew erroneously believes that his test grades are NEGATIVELY correlated with the amount of time he studies for tests. Research on illusory correlation suggests that he is most likely to notice instances in which:poor grades follow either brief or lengthy study.either poor grades or good grades follow lengthy study.good grades follow lengthy study and poor grades follow brief study.poor grades follow lengthy study and good grades follow brief study.

5 The purpose of random assignment in an experiment is to:reduce the likelihood that participants within any group know each other.increase the likelihood that research participants are representative of the population being studied.reduce the influence of any preexisting differences between people assigned to the conditions of the experiment.ensure that the independent variable will have a strong influence on the dependent variable.