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Rodgers (1989) suggests that defining a concept can be difficult if the attributes that shape the concept are not clear. The author suggests that the different aspects of a concept are created through an evolutionary view, associated with its attributes, through the process of concept change and development. Such development can only occur if the ‘with woman’ concept is significant to both midwife and mother, is used to fulfil physical, emotional, spiritual and psychological needs and is applied through midwifery skills and shared knowledge in this partnership. In addition, such a concept is influenced by a set of internal and external factors before it can be achieved (Burgess 2014; Sheen et al. 2016; Foster 2017). The woman–midwife relationship is a key factor in fulfilling the aims of the ‘with woman’ concept and must include attributes of confidence, competence and compassion demonstrated by the midwife (Menage et al. 2017; Knapp 2017a; BenZion 2018), the environment in which care is given (i.e. woman and midwife focused place of birth, such as the woman's home or a birth centre/midwifery‐led unit) (Davis and Homer 2016), and the resources and cost that will affect the birth outcome (Leinweber and Rowe 2010). This ‘with woman’ concept is increasingly significant depending on such factors and how effectively it is achieved considering the extent and frequency of its use. The antecedents or events/phenomenon of this concept therefore precede and shape an aspect of the concept which has meaning to either the midwife and/or the woman herself.

In her presentation of how concepts can be analysed, Rodgers (1989) indicates a seven‐stage process or framework that will assist this investigation (Table 1.1). An examination of the literature will explore the historical use and linguistic interpretation of the term ‘with woman’ and identify the antecedents to being ‘with woman’ which can be viewed from physical, emotional, spiritual and psychological perspectives and carried out through knowledge and care skills by the professional. The next stage in Rodgers' (1989) framework is to identify the attributes which articulate the concept through common use of the ‘with woman’ term and identify references to the application in events and situations as a phenomenon. The antecedents generally precede a perspective or instance of the concept. Consequences of a ‘with woman’ concept follow as a result or an occurrence of the concept. A final stage in Rodgers' (1989) Conceptual Analysis framework is to clarify and illustrate the attributes of the concept through presentation of cases, as examples from everyday clinical practice and stories as told by midwives and women.

Table 1.1 Rodgers' Evolutionary Conceptual Analysis framework (1989).

Identify and name the concept ‘with woman’Identify surrogate terms and relevant use of the conceptIdentify databases and search term for ‘with woman’Identify the attributes of the conceptIdentify the references, antecedents and consequences of the concept (Table 1.3)Identify concepts related to the ‘with woman’ conceptMidwives' and women's stories to illustrate the concept