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I. From the earliest times to the end of the seventeenth century.

II. Dating from the arrangement of plants into classes called genera by Tournefort in 1694 to 1729.

III. From Micheli’s division of lichens into different orders in 1729 to 1780.

IV. The definite and reasoned establishment of lichen genera based on the structure of thallus and fruit by Weber in 1780 to 1803.

V. The arrangement of all known lichens under their respective genera by Acharius in 1803 to 1846.

VI. The recognition of spore characters in classification by De Notaris in 1846 to 1867.

A seventh period which includes modern lichenology, and which dates after the publication of Krempelhuber’s History, was ushered in by Schwendener’s announcement in 1867 of the hypothesis as to the dual nature of the lichen thallus. Schwendener’s theory gave a new impulse to the study of lichens and strongly influenced all succeeding investigations.