Читать книгу Essential Mandarin Chinese Phrasebook & Dictionary - Catherine Dai - Страница 7
Оглавление1. The Basics
1.1 Personal details
1.2 Today or tomorrow?
1.3 What time is it?
1.4 One, two, three...
1.5 The weather
1.6 Here, there...
1.7 What does that sign say?
1.8 Legal holidays
1.1 Personal details
In China the family name comes first and the given name next. Titles come after the name. For example, Mr Wang is Wáng xiānsheng 王先生 and Ms Wang is Wáng xiǎojie 王小姐. The title tàitai 太太 is given to married women and is placed after the husband’s surname. This is the convention still used by Chinese women in Hong Kong, Macau, Taiwan and outside China. In Mainland China, however, Chinese women now do not adopt their husband’s surname after marriage. Overseas Chinese and foreigners will have to get used to this new convention and address married women by their maiden name, e.g., if her surname is Lǐ 李 she should be addressed as Lǐ xiǎojie 李小姐 or Lǐ nǚshì 李女士 (for an older woman). However, you may also use the older title tàitai 太太 after the husband’s surname in formal situations.
surname
xìng
姓
first name
míngzi
名字
initials
xìngmíng suōxiě
姓名缩写
address
dìzhǐ
地址
street
jiē
街
unit number
ménpáihào
门牌号
postal code
yóubiān
邮编
town
chéngshì
城市
sex (gender)
xìngbié
性别
male
nán
男
female
nǚ
女
nationality/citizenship
guójí
国籍
date of birth
chūshēng rìqī
出生日期
place of birth
chūshēng dìdiǎn
出生地点
occupation
zhíyè
职业
marital status
hūnyīn zhuàngkuàng
婚姻状况
married
yǐhūn
已婚
single
wèihūn
未婚
widow
guǎfù
寡妇
widower
guānfū
鳏夫
(number of) children
érnǚ (shùmù)
儿女(数目)
passport
hùzhào
护照
identity card
shēnfènzhèng
身份证
driving license number
jiàshǐzhízhào hàomǎ
驾驶执照号码
place and date of issue
qiānfā dìdiǎn
签发地点
date of issue
qiānfā rìqī
签发日期
signature
qiānmíng
签名
1.2 Today or tomorrow?
What day is it today?
Jīntiān shì xīngqíjǐ?
今天是星期几?
Today’s Monday.
Jīntiān shì xīngqíyī.
今天是星期一。
Tuesday
Xīngqí’èr
星期二
Wednesday
Xīngqísān
星期三
Thursday
Xīngqísì
星期四
Friday
Xīngqíwǔ
星期五
Saturday
Xīngqíliù
星期六
Sunday
Xīngqítiān/Xīngqírì
星期天／星期日
in January
zài Yīyuè
在 一月
since February
Èryuè yǐlái
二月以来
in spring
zài chūntiān
在 春天
in summer
zài xiàtiān
在 夏天
in autumn
zài qiūtiān
在 秋天
in winter
zài dōngtiān
在 冬天
2017
èrlíngyīqī nián
二零一七年
the twentieth century
èrshí shìjì
20 世纪
the twenty-first century
èrshíyī shìjì
21 世纪
What’s the date today?
Jīntiān jǐhào?
今天几号？
Today’s the 24th.
Jīntiān shì èrshísì hào.
今天是24号。
Wednesday 3 November
Shíyīyuè sānhào, xīngqísān
十一月三号，星期三
in the morning
zài zǎoshang
在 早上
in the afternoon
zài xiàwǔ
在 下午
in the evening
zài wǎnshang
在 晚上
at night
zài yèlǐ
在 夜里
this morning
jīntiān zǎoshang
今天早上
this afternoon
jīntiān xiàwǔ
今天下午
this evening
jīntiān bàngwǎn
今天傍晚
tonight
jīntiān wǎnshang
今天晚上
last night
zuótiān wǎnshang
昨天晚上
tomorrow night
míngtiān wǎnshang
明天晚上
this week
zhè ge xīngqí
这个星期
last week
shàng ge xīngqí
上个星期
next week
xià ge xīngqí
下个星期
this month
zhè ge yuè
这个月
last month
shàng ge yuè
上个月
next month
xià ge yuè
下个月
this year
jīnnián
今年
last year
qùnián
去年
next year
míngnián
明年
in...days
...tiān yǐhòu
⋯天 以后
in...weeks
...xīngqí yǐhòu
⋯星期 以后
in..months
...yuè yǐhòu
⋯月 以后
in...years
...nián yǐhòu
⋯年 以后
...weeks ago
...(ge) xīngqí yǐqián
⋯(个) 星期 以前
two weeks ago
liăng ge xīngqí yǐqián
两个星期以前
day off
xiūjiàrì
休假日
1.3 What time is it?
What time is it?
Jǐdiǎn (zhōng) le?/Shénme shíhoule?
几点(钟)了／什么时候了?
It’s nine o’clock.
Jiǔ diǎn.
九点
five past ten
shí diǎn wǔfēn
十点五分
a quarter past eleven
shíyī diǎn yī kè
十一点一刻
fifteen minutes past eleven
shíyī diǎn shíwǔ fēn
十一点十五分
twenty past twelve
shí’èr diǎn èrshí fēn
十二点二十分
half past one
yí diǎn bàn
一点半
twenty-five to three
liǎng diǎn sānshíwǔ fēn
两点三十五分
a quarter to four
sān diǎn sān kè
三点三刻
ten to five
sì diǎn wǔshí fēn
四点五十分
It’s noon.
Zhōngwǔ le.
中午了。
It’s 12 p.m.
Shí’èr diǎn le.
十二点了。
It’s midnight.
wǔyè shí’èr diǎn.
午夜十二点。
half an hour
bàn ge zhōngtóu
半个钟头
What time?
Jǐ diǎn/Shénme shíhou?
几点／什么时候？
What time can I come by?
Wǒ jǐ diǎn kěyǐ guòlái?
我几点可以过来？
at...
zài...
在⋯
after...
...yǐhòu
⋯以后
before...
...yǐqián
⋯以前
between 4 and 5 p.m.
sì diǎn hé wǔ diǎn zhījiān
四点和五点之间
from...to...
cóng...dào...
从⋯到⋯
in...minutes
...fénzhōng yǐhòu
⋯分钟以后
in an hour
yí ge xiǎoshí yǐhòu
一个小时以后
in two hours
liǎng ge zhōngtóu
两个钟头以后
in a quarter of an hour
yí kèzhōng yǐhòu
一刻钟以后
in three quarters of an hour
sān kèzhōng yǐhòu
三刻钟以后
too early
tài zǎo le
太早了
too late
tài wǎn le
太晚了
on time
zhǔnshí/ànshí
准时／按时
summertime (daylight saving)
xiàlìngshí
夏令时
wintertime
dōnglìngshí
冬令时
1.4 One, two, three...
0
líng
零
1
yī
一
2
èr
二
3
sān
三
4
sì
四
5
wǔ
五
6
liù
六
7
qī
七
8
bā
八
9
jiǔ
九
10
shí
十
11
shíyī
十一
12
shí’èr
十二
13
shísān
十三
14
shísì
十四
15
shíwǔ
十五
16
shíliù
十六
17
shíqī
十七
18
shíbā
十八
19
shíjiǔ
十九
20
èrshí
二十
21
èrshíyī
二十一
22
èrshí’èr
二十二
30
sānshí
三十
31
sānshíyī
三十一
40
sìshí
四十
50
wǔshí
五十
60
liùshí
六十
70
qīshí
七十
80
bāshí
八十
90
jiǔshí
九十
100
yībǎi
一百
101
yībǎi líng yī
一百零一
110
yībǎi yīshí
一百一十
111
yībǎi yīshíyī
一百一十一
200
èrbǎi/liǎngbǎi
二百／两百
300
sānbǎi
三百
400
sìbǎi
四百
500
wǔbǎi
五百
600
liùbǎi
六百
700
qībǎi
七百
800
bābǎi
八百
900
jiǔbǎi
九百
1,000
yīqiān
一千
1,100
yīqiān yībǎi
一千一百
2,000
èrqiān/liǎngqiān
二千／两千
10,000
yīwàn
一万
100,000
shíwàn
十万
1,000,000
(yī)bǎiwàn
(一)百万
10,000,000
(yī)qiānwàn
(一)千万
1st
dìyī
第一
2nd
dì’èr
第二
3rd
dìsān
第三
4th
dìsì
第四
once
yícì
一次
twice
liǎngcì
两次
double
liǎngbèi
两倍
triple
sānbèi
三倍
half
yíbàn
一半
a quarter
sìfēnzhīyī
四分之一
a third
sānfēnzhīyī
三分之一
some
yìxiē
一些
a few
jǐge
几个
2 + 4 = 6
èr jiā sì děngyú liù
二加四等于六
4 – 2 = 2
sì jiǎn èr děngyú èr
四减二等于二
2 x 4 = 8
èr chéng sì děngyú bā
二乘四等于八
4 ÷ 2 = 2
sì chúyǐ èr děngyú èr
四除以二等于二
even
shuāngshù
双数
odd
dānshù
单数
total
yígòng
一共
1.5 The weather
Is the weather going to be good?
Tiānqì huì hǎo ma?
天气会好吗?
Is the weather going to be bad?
Tiānqì huì bùhǎo ma?
天气会不好吗?
Is it going to get colder?
Tiānqì yào biàn lěng le ba?
天气要变冷了吧？
Is it going to get hotter?
Tiānqì yào biàn rè le ba?
天气要变热了吧？
What temperature is it going to be today?
Jīntiān qìwēn duōshao dù?
今天气温多少度？
Is it going to rain today?
Jīntiān huì xiàyǔ ma?
今天会下雨吗？
Is there going to be a storm today?
Jīntiān huì yǒu bàofēngyǚ ma?
今天会有暴风雨吗？
Is it going to snow today?
Jīntiān huì xiàxuě ma?
今天会下雪吗？
Is it going to freeze today?
Jīntiān huì jiébīng ma?
今天会结冰吗？
Is the thaw setting in?
Jiědòng le ma?
解冻了吗？
Is it going to be foggy today?
Jīntiān huì qǐwù ma?
今天会起雾吗？
Is there going to be a thunderstorm?
Jīntiān huì yǒu léiyǔ ma?
今天会有雷雨吗？
The weather’s changing.
Tiānqì yào biànle.
天气要变了。
It’s going to be cold.
Tiānqì yào biàn lěngle.
天气要变冷了。
What’s the weather going to be like today?
Jīntiān de tiānqì zěnmeyàng?
今天的天气怎么样？
What’s the weather going to be like tomorrow?
Míngtiān de tiānqì zěnmeyàng?
明天的天气怎么样？
rain
xiàyǔ
下雨
heavy rain
dàyǔ
大雨
sunny
qínglǎng
晴朗
very hot
hěn rè
很热
fine
qíngtiān
晴天
ice
bīng
冰
icy
jiébīngde
结冰的
frost
shuāng
霜
frosty
hánlěng
寒冷
hail
báozi/bīngbáo
雹子／冰雹
downpour
bàoyǔ/qīngpén dàyǔ
暴雨／倾盆大雨
cold and damp
yòu lěng yòu cháoshī
又冷又潮湿
clear skies
lántiān
蓝天
…degrees (Fahrenheit)
(huáshì) dù
(华氏) 度
…degrees (Celsius)
(shèshì) dù
(摄氏) 度
overnight frost
yèjiān yǒu shuāng
夜间有霜
fog
dàwù
大雾
foggy
duōwùde
多雾的
…degrees (below zero)
língxià...dù
零下⋯度
moderate winds
héfēng
和风
frost
yǒu shuāng
有霜
wind
fēng
风
storm
bàofēngyǔ
暴风雨
humid
cháoshī
潮湿
cool
liángkuai
凉快
stifling
mènrènde
闷热的
snowing
xiàxuě
下雪
bleak
yīnlěngde
阴冷的
cloudy
duōyún
多云
strong winds
dàfēng
大风
sweltering/muggy
mēn rè
闷热
heatwave
rèlàng
热浪
windy
guāfēngde
刮风的
sunny day
qíng/tiānqíng
晴／天晴
hurricane
jùfēng
飓风
warm
nuǎnhuode
暖和的
cloudiness
duōyún zhuàngtài
多云状态
overcast
yīntiān
阴天
very strong winds
kuángfēng
狂风
1.6 Here, there...
See also 5.1 Asking directions
here
zhèr
这儿
over here
zhèlǐ
这里
there
nàr
那儿
over there
nàli
那里
somewhere
mǒuchù
某处
everywhere
dàochù
到处
far away
yáoyuǎn
遥远
nearby
fùjìn
附近
(on the) right
zài yòubiān
在右边
(on the) left
zài zuǒbiān
在左边
to the right of
kào yòubiān
靠右边
to the left of
kào zuǒbiān
靠左边
straight ahead
yìzhí wǎng qián
一直往前
via
jīngguò/yóu
经过／由
in
zài...lǐ
在⋯里
to
dào
到
on
zài...shàng
在⋯上
under
zài...xià
在⋯下
against
gēn...xiāngduì
跟⋯相对
opposite/facing
duìmiàn
对面
next to
āizhe
挨着
beside...
zài...pángbiān
在⋯旁边
near
kàojìn
靠近
in front of
zài...qiánmiàn
在⋯前面
in the center
zài...zhōngjiān
在⋯中间
forward
xiàng qián
向前
down
xiàng xià
向下
up
xiàng shàng
向上
inside
lǐbiān
里边
outside
wàibiān
外边
at the front
zài...qiánmiàn
在⋯前面
at the back
zài...hòumiàn
在⋯后面
in the north
zài...běibiān
在⋯北边
to the south
zài...yǐ nán
在⋯以南
from the west
(cóng)...xībiān
(从)⋯西边
from the east
(cóng)...dōngbiān
(从)⋯东边
1.7 What does that sign say?
See 5.2 Traffic signs
交通标志
Jiāotōng Biāozhì
Traffic Signs
出租
Chūzū
For Hire/Rent
出售
Chūshòu
For Sale
卖完
Màiwán
Sold Out
邮局
Yóujú
Post Office
高压电
Gāo Yā Diàn
High Voltage
问讯处
Wènxùn Chù
Information
售票处
Shòupiào Chù
Ticket Office
此路不通
Cǐlù Bùtōng
No Access
禁止入内
Jìnzhǐ Rùnèi
No Entry
警察(局)／公安(局)
Jǐngchá (Jú)/Gōng’ān (Jú)
Police Station
交通警察
Jiāotōng Jǐngchá
Traffic Police
热水
Rèshuǐ
Hot Water
冷水
Lěngshuǐ
Cold Water
非饮用水
Fēiyǐnyòngshuǐ
Water (Not For Drinking)
停用
Tíngyòng
Not In Use
推
Tuī
Push
开
Kāi
Open
拉
Lā
Pull
洗手间
Xǐshǒujiān
Bathrooms
满／客满
Mǎn/Kèmǎn
Full
预订席／包席
Yùdìngxí/Bāoxí
Reserved
宾馆／旅馆
Bīn’guǎn/Lǚguǎn
Hotel
待维修
Dài Wéixiū
Out of Order
收款处
Shōukuǎn Chù
Cashier
免费入场
Miǎnfèi Rùchǎng
Free Entrance
当心恶狗
Dāngxīn è Gǒu
Beware of the Dog
油漆未干
Yóuqī Wèi Gān
Wet Paint
无人
Wúrén
Vacant
入口
Rùkǒu
Entrance
紧急出口
Jǐnjí Chūkǒu
(Emergency) Exit
有人
Yǒurén
Engaged
行人
Xíngrén
Pedestrians
时刻表
Shíkèbiǎo
Timetable
兑换
Duìhuàn
Exchange
危险
Wēixiǎn
Danger
医院
Yīyuàn
Hospital
急救室
Jíjiùshì
First Aid (Hospital)
事故急诊室
Shìgù Jízhěnshì
Accident and Emergency (Hospital)
消防局
Xiāofángjú
Fire Station
自动扶梯
Zìdòng fútī
Escalator
安全出口
Ānquán Chūkǒu
Fire Escape
旅行咨询处
Lǚxíng Zīxúnchù
Tourist Information Bureau
请勿抽烟
Qǐngwù Chōuyān
No Smoking
请勿乱丢垃圾
Qǐngwù Luàndiū Lājī
No Littering
易燃
Yìrán
Fire Hazard
请勿打扰
Qǐngwù Dǎrǎo
Please Do Not Disturb
请勿触摸
Qǐngwù Chùmō
Please Do Not Touch
停 (止)
Tíng (Zhǐ)
Stop
候机／候车室
Hóujī/Hóuchē
Waiting Room
禁止钓鱼
Jìnzhǐ Diàoyǘ
No Fishing
禁止打猎
Jìnzhǐ Dǎliè
No Hunting
紧急刹车
Jǐnjíshāchē
Emergency Brake
致命
Zhìmìng
Danger to Life
1.8 Legal holidays
Apart from Chinese New Year which is celebrated throughout China with one week off from work, other holidays are mostly observed in the cities with time off to celebrate the festivities. There are two types of festivals, traditional and modern.
The former follow the lunar calendar which identifies the months sequentially as the First Month, the Second Month, etc. Chinese New Year or the Spring Festival varies every year but falls between the last ten days of January and the first ten days of February each year.
Modern holidays in China include National Day (October 1) and Labor Day (May 1). National Day and Labor Day are celebrated with a week and three days off work respectively, when people are encouraged to spend and go for holidays in an attempt to stimulate the economy. On these occasions, government institutions and head offices of banks are closed for business. However, local bank branches are open for about five hours a day for one to three days. Shopping centers are open till midnight while supermarkets and medium-sized shops keep normal opening hours. Local shops and convenience stores vary, some might operate for fewer hours during the holidays.
January 1 [Yīyuè yīhào]: New Year’s Day Xīnnián/Yuándàn 新年/元旦
January/February (Lunar Calendar: First Day of the First Month) [Nónglì Zhēngyuè Chūyī]: Chinese New Year Chūnjié 春节
January/February (Lunar Calendar: Fifteenth Day of the First Month) [Nónglì Zhēngyuè shíwǔrì]: The Lantern Festival Yuánxiāojié 元宵节
March 8 [Sānyuè bāhào]: Women’s Day Fùnǚjié 妇女节
April 2-4 (Usually the 15th day after the Spring Equinox, date may vary) [Sìyuè èr-sìhào]: Festival of Sweeping Ancestors’ Graves Qīngmíngjié 清明节
May 1 [Wǔyuè yīhào]: Labor Day Láodòngjié 劳动节
May 4 [Wǔyuè sìhào]: Youth Festival Qīngniánjié 青年节
June 1 [Liùyuè yīhào]: Children’s Day Értóngjié 儿童节
June (Lunar Calendar: Fifth Day of the Fifth Month) [Nónglì Wǔyuè wǔrì]: Dragon Boat Festival Duānwǔjié 端午节
July 1 [Qīyuè yīhào]: Foundation Day of Chinese Communist Party Jiàndǎngjié 建党节
August 1 [Bāyuè yīhào]: Foundation Day of the People’s Liberation Army Jiànjūnjié 建军节
September/October (Lunar Calendar: Fifth Day of the Eighth Month) [Nónglì Bāyuè shíwǔrì]: The Mid-Autumn Festival Zhōngqiūjié 中秋节
October 1 [Shíyuè yīhào]: National Day Guóqìngjié 国庆节
