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Neurology

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Страница 1 Table of Contents List of Tables List of Illustrations Guide Pages Страница 7Страница 8Страница 9Страница 10 1 Neurology Worldwide : Public Health and Essential Neuro‐epidemiology Basic Data Practical Neurology Causation Genetic Genetic and Environmental Evident and Preventable Mortality, Life Expectancy and Quality of Life Quality of Life Other Important Measures Burden of Illness Cost of Illness Studies Stigma Costs and Impact Treatment Gaps Improvements Acknowledgements References Further Reading and Information 2 Movement, Sensation and The Silent Brain ABC of Movement: Cortical, Extrapyramidal and Cerebellar Function Cortex: Movement Force, Direction and Synergy Pyramidal System Anatomy Extrapyramidal System and Basal Ganglia Region Basal Ganglia Circuits Cerebellar System Afferent and Efferent Cerebellar Pathways Sensory Pathways Sensory Pathways in the Cord and Brain Dorsal Root Ganglia Posterior Column→Medial Lemniscus Pathway Spinothalamic Pathway The Silent Brain Brainstem Reticular Formation Gate Control: Sensory Modulation Limbic System and Hippocampus Insula and Cingulate Cortex Amygdala and Kindling Nucleus Accumbens, Septal Region and Basal Forebrain Thalamus Hypothalamus and Pituitary Hypothalamic Region Neuroendocrine Cells Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Hypothalamic Activity (See Chapter 24) Water Intake, Thirst, Appetite and Satiety Mood, Sexual Arousal, Wakefulness and Memory Anterior/Posterior Pituitary Axes and Circumventricular Organs Acknowledgements Further Reading and Information 3 Aetiologies and Mechanisms: Genetics, Immunology and Ion Channels Genetics Essential Embryology of the Spine Genetic Control of Spinal Development Chromosomal Abnormalities, Repeat Expansions and Mutations Autosomal Dominant Inheritance Autosomal Recessive Inheritance X‐Linked Inheritance Mitochondrial Disorders Expanded Repeat Disorders Practical and Ethical Considerations Immune Mechanisms: Concepts and Components Blood–Brain and Blood–Nerve Barriers Cerebrospinal Fluid CSF Solutes CSF Cells and Other Constituents Immune Nervous System Diseases Antibody‐Mediated Diseases Neurological Disease with Pathogenic Autoantibodies Neurological Disease with Systemic Disorders and Autoantibodies T‐Cell‐Mediated Neurological Disease Cytokine‐Driven Processes Immunomodulation, Immunosuppression and Replacement Therapy Targeted Ablative Therapies Specifically Targeted Molecules Ion Channels and Inherited Mutations Migraine, Epilepsy, Movement Disorders and Ataxias Nerve, Muscle and Neuromuscular Junction Diseases Disease Causation Voltage‐Gated Potassium Channels Transient Receptor Potential Channels Sodium Channels Calcium Channels Chloride and Ligand‐Gated Ion Channels Acetylcholine Receptors GABA_A, Glycine and Glutamate Receptors Acquired Channelopathies Acknowledgements Further Reading 4 Examination, Diagnosis and the Language of Neurology Elements of Diagnosis History Nature of Symptoms Neurological Examination: Preliminary Assessment Brief Neurological Examination Detailed Examination Cognition and Mental State Skull, Scalp and Spine Cranial Nerves I: Olfaction II: Vision, Pupils and Fundi III, IV and VI Diplopia: 4 Patterns and 4 Formal Rules VI: Abducens Palsy III: Oculomotor Palsy (complete) Internuclear Ophthalmoplegia (INO) IV: Trochlear Palsy V: Trigeminal, Sensory and Motor VII: Facial VIII: Auditory VIII: Vestibular IX and X: Glossopharyngeal and Vagus XI: Accessory XII: Hypoglossal Gait and Movement Disorders Motor System Posture of Outstretched Upper Limbs Tone Power, Muscle Bulk, Consistency Cerebellar Signs Tendon Reflexes Extensor Plantar (Babinski) Superficial Abdominal Reflexes Respiration, Diaphragm Lower and Upper Motor Neurone Lesions Sensory System Formulation Difficulties Diagnostic Tests Imaging Clinical Neurophysiology Electroencephalography Alpha, Theta, Delta and Beta Activity in Normal Subjects Epilepsy EEG Artefacts Diffuse and Focal Brain Disorders Brainstem Death Clinical Neurophysiology: Nerve and Muscle Electromyography (EMG) Normal Motor Unit Recruitment Chronic Partial Denervation Fibrillation, Fasciculation and Positive Sharp Waves Myopathic EMG Myotonic EMG Changes Hemifacial Spasm, Cramps, Myokymia and Stiff Person Syndrome Peripheral Nerve Conduction Studies Polyneuropathy Entrapment Neuropathies F waves Hoffman (H) Reflexes Neuromuscular Transmission Repetitive Stimulation: Myasthenia and Myasthenic–Myopathic Syndromes Cerebral‐Evoked Potentials Specialised Investigations Cerebrospinal Fluid Examination Indications for LP and CSF Examination Informed Consent, LP Risks, CSF Removal LP: Contraindications Biopsy: Brain, Nerve and Muscle Neuropsychological Testing The Vocabulary of Neurology Focal Cortical Disorders Language and Speech Disorders Temporal Lobes Frontal Lobes Occipital Lobes Parietal Lobes Dominant Parietal Non‐dominant Parietal Motor Abnormalities: Brain and Spinal Cord Hemiparesis Cerebellar Syndromes Movement Disorders Paraparesis Brainstem Syndromes Anterior Horn Cell Disease Sensory Abnormalities: Patterns at Different Levels Peripheral Nerve Lesions Polyneuropathy Sensory Root and Root Entry Zone Cord Lesions: Sensory Changes Posterior Columns Spinothalamic Tracts Brainstem Lesions and Sensation Thalamic Lesions Mononeuropathy, Polyneuropathy Neurogenic Muscle Wasting Root Lesions Cauda Equina Syndrome Myopathy Subacute Paralysis Abnormal Illness Behaviour and Somatic Symptom Disorder Acknowledgements References Further Reading {buyButton}

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