Читать книгу Pocket Guide to Clinical Microbiology - Christopher D. Doern - Страница 17

The term “parasite” refers to a group of eukaryotic organisms, about 200 of which are medically relevant helminths, and 80 of which are medically relevant protozoan species. Within this subset of nearly 300 parasites, about 100 species are commonly found in humans, and an even smaller number within that cause a disproportionate number of important diseases. Presented in the following table are the taxonomic classifications of some of the most important human parasites.

Since the last edition of this Pocket Guide was published, some significant taxonomic changes have occurred. The two most clinically relevant changes relate to the Microsporidia and Blastocystis hominis. Due to recent genome-wide analyses, Microsporidia now belong to the kingdom Fungi. The taxonomy of Blastocystis hominis has been controversial, and it has previously been considered a fungus and also as protozoa. Recent genome analyses suggest it is most closely related to Proteromonas, though this organism is a flagellate and B. hominis does possess a flagellum and is not motile. It is now part of the kingdom Chromista rather than the Protozoa.

Kingdom. Protozoa

 Phylum. Metamonada (flagellates)Class. Trepomonadea (intestinal flagellates)Order. DiplomonadidaGenus. Giardia duodenalisClass. Retortamonadea (intestinal flagellates)Order. RetortamonadidaGenus. Chilomastix mesnili,Genus. Retortamonas intestinalisClass. Trichomonadea (intestinal and related flagellates)Order. TrichomonadidaGenus. Dientamoeba fragilisGenus. Trichomonas vagina/isGenus. Trichomonas tenaxGenus. Pentatrichomonas hominis

 Phylum. PercolozoaClass. Heterolobosea (flagellated amoebae)Order. SchizopyrenidaGenus. Naegleria fowleri

 Phylum. EuglenozoaClass. Kinetoplastea (blood and tissue flagellates)Order. TrypanosomatidaGenus. Leishmania DonovanGenus. Leishmania infantum (= L. chagasi)Genus. Leishmania majorGenus. Leishmania tropicaGenus. Leishmania braziliensisGenus. Leishmania mexicanaGenus. Trypanosoma cruziGenus. Trypanosoma brucei gambienseGenus. Trypanosoma brucei rhodesienseGenus. Trypanosoma rangeli

 Phylum. AmoebozoaClass. AmoebaeaOrder. AcanthopodidaGenus. Acanthamoeba spp.Genus. Balamuthia mandrillarisClass. Archamoebea (intestinal amoebae)Order. EuamoebidaGenus. Entamoeba histolyticaGenus. Entamoeba coliGenus. Entamoeba disparGenus. Entamoeba hartmanniGenus. Entamoeba gingivalisGenus. Entamoeba poleckiGenus. Endolimax nanaGenus. Iodamoeba buetschlii

 Phylum. Sporozoa (sporozoans) Class. CoccideaOrder. EimeriidaGenus. Cryptosporidium parvumGenus. Toxoplasma gondiiGenus. Cyclospora cayetanensisGenus. Cystoisospora (Isospora) belliGenus. Sarcocystis hominisOrder. PiroplasmidaGenus. Babesia microtiGenus. Babesia divergensGenus. Babesia gibsoniOrder. HaemosporidaGenus. Plasmodium falciparumGenus. Plasmodium malariaeGenus. Plasmodium ovaleGenus. Plasmodium vivaxGenus. Plasmodium knowlesi

 Phylum. Ciliophora (ciliates)Class. LitostomateaOrder. TrichostomatiaGenus. Balantidium coli

Kingdom. Chromista

 Phylum. BigyraClass. BlastocysteaGenus. Blastocystis hominis

Kingdom. Animalia

 Phylum. Nemathelminthes (Nematodes, Roundworms)Class. Adenophorea (Asphasmidea)Family. Trichinellidae (Trichuridae)Genus. Trichinella spiralisGenus. Trichuris trichiuraGenus. Capillaria spp.Class. Secernentea (Phasmidea)Family. AncylostomatidaeGenus. Ancylostoma duodenaleGenus. Necator americanusFamily. AngiostrongylidaeGenus. Parastrongylus (Angiostrongylus) cantonensisGenus. Parastrongylus (Angiostrongylus) costaricensisFamily. AscarididaeGenus. Ascaris lumbrioidesGenus. Toxocara canisGenus. Toxocara catiGenus. Bayliascaris procyonisFamily. DracunculidaeGenus. Dracunculus medinensisFamily. OnchocercidaeGenus. Brugia malayiGenus. Loa loaGenus. Wuchereria bancrofiiGenus. Onchocerca volvulusGenus. Brugia timoriGenus. Dirofilaria immitisGenus. Mansonella ozzardiGenus. Mansonella perstansFamily. OxyuridaeGenus. Enterobius vermicularisFamily. StrongyloididaeGenus. Strongyloides stercoralisGenus. Strongyloides fuelleborniFamily. GnathostomatidaeGenus. Gnathostoma spinigerum

Phylum. Platyhelminthes

 Class. Trematoda (flukes)Order. DiplostomidaFamily. SchistosomatidaeGenus. Schistosoma haematobiumGenus. Schistosoma japonicumGenus. Schistosoma mansoniGenus. Schistosoma mekongiGenus. Schistosoma intercalatumOrder. PlagiorchiidaFamily. FasciolidaeGenus. Fasciola hepaticaGenus. Fasciola giganticaGenus. Fasciolopsis buskiFamily. HeterophyidaeGenus. Heterophyes heterophyesFamily. OpisthorchidaeGenus. Clonorchis sinensisGenus. Opisthorchis felineusGenus. Opisthorchis viverriniFamily. ParagonimidaeGenus. Paragonimus westermaniGenus. Paragonimus kellicottiFamily. ParagonimidaeGenus. Dicrocoelium dentriticum

 Class. Cestoda (tapeworms)Order. PseudophyllideaFamily. DiphyllobothriidaeGenus. Diphyllobothrium latumOrder. CyclophyllideaFamily. DipylidiidaeGenus. Dipylidium caninumFamily. HymenolepididaeGenus. Hymenolepis nanaGenus. Hymenolepis diminutaFamily. TaeniidaeGenus. Taenia saginataGenus. Taenia soliumGenus. Echinococcus granulosusGenus. Echinococcus multilocularis

1 aAdapted from J. H. Jorgensen, M. A. Pfaller, K. C. Carroll, G. Funke, M. L. Landry, S. S. Richter, D. W. Warnock (ed.), Manual of Clinical Microbiology, 11th ed., ASM Press, Washington, D.C., 2015.