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Box I.1. Computer generations from a techno-centric perspective
Оглавление| 1945–1955 | First generation: electronic tube machines (vacuum tubes). The first fully electronic computer, the ENIAC (Electronical Numerical Integrator And Calculator) weighs 30 tons and occupies 135 m2. |
| 1955–1965 | Second generation: transistor computers that make it possible to build more reliable and less bulky machines. |
| 1965–1980 | Third generation: integrated circuits (also called electronic chips). The Intel 4004 processor achieves the same performance as the ENIAC for a size of less than 11 mm2. |
| 1980–2000 | Fourth generation: microprocessors. Integration of thousands to billions of transistors on the same silicon chip. |
| 2000 | Fifth generation: widespread use of networks and graphical interfaces (there are disagreements between specialists about the existence of this fifth generation). |
This first perspective, concerned with the object and its materiality, does not address the human dimension of technological change. At the organizational level, it can lead to neglecting the individual who becomes the residual part of technological change, the part that is said to resist change.
