Читать книгу Technological Change - Clotilde Coron - Страница 13
Box I.2. Technological change as a succession of uses
Оглавление| 1769 | James Watt develops an improved condenser for the steam engine. |
| 1821 | Michael Faraday demonstrates the first electric motor. |
| 1838 | Charles Wheatstone builds the first electric telegraph. |
| 1859 | Étienne Lenoir makes the first internal combustion engine. |
| 1876 | Alexander Graham Bell files a patent on the telephone. |
| 1879 | Thomas Edison develops the carbon filament bulb. |
| 1884 | Hiram Maxim invents the first self-propelled machine gun. |
| 1899 | Guglielmo Marconi makes the first transatlantic radio transmission (which won him the Nobel Prize in 1909). |
| 1903 | Brothers Orville and Wilbur Wright make their first motorized flights. |
| 1923 | Vladimir Zworykin patent the iconoscope, a fully electronic television transmission tube. |
| 1947 | Bardeen, Brattain and Shockley (Nobel Prize winners in physics in 1956) invent a new type of transistor. |
| 1957 | The Soviets launch Sputnik 1, the first spacecraft placed in orbit around the Earth. |
| 1969 | Edward Hoff and Federico Faggin develop the very first electronic chip, the microprocessor. |
| 1973 | François Gernelle develops the first microcomputer, the Micral N. |
| 1977 | Designed by Steve Wozniak, the Apple II, a personal computer, is developed in Steve Jobs’ garage, manufactured on a large scale and marketed by Apple Computer. |
| 1982 | Microsoft, created by Bill Gates and Paul Allen, presents MS/DOS (Microsoft Disk Operating System) developed for the IBM PC, then for compatible PCs. |
| 1994 | Jeff Bezos founds the Amazon website, which becomes the world’s largest online sales company. He lists the shares on the stock exchange in 1997. |
| 1998 | Google is created by Larry Page and Sergey Brin, two students from Stanford University, who together initiate the search engine of the same name. |
| 2005 | Mark Zuckerberg founds the online social network Facebook, after testing it on his fellow students at Harvard University. |
This second perspective leaves little more room for the human being than the first, at most the latter is thought of as the progenitor of the technical object. The emphasis on the glorious origins of a tool is reflected at the organizational level when technological change is referred to exclusively in reference to the individual who was at the origin of a technological innovation and who gives it a prestigious character.
