Читать книгу Applied Univariate, Bivariate, and Multivariate Statistics - Daniel J. Denis - Страница 24

1 1.1. Distinguish between rationalism versus empiricism in accounting for different types of knowledge, and why being a rationalist or empiricist exclusively is usually quite unreasonable and unrealistic.

2 1.2. Briefly discuss what is meant by a model in scientific research.

3 1.3. Compare and contrast the social versus so‐called “hard” sciences. How are they similar? Different? In this context, discuss the statement “Social science is a courageous attempt.”

4 1.4. Compare and contrast a physical quantity such as weight to a psychological one such as intelligence. How is one more “real” than the other? Can they be considered to be equally real? Why or why not?

5 1.5. Why would some people say that an attribute such as intelligence is not measurable?

6 1.6. Discuss George Box's infamous statement “All models are wrong, some are useful.” What are the implications of this for your own research?

7 1.7. Consider an example from your own area of research in which two competing explanations, one simple, and one complex, may equally well account for observed data. Then, discuss why the simpler explanation may be preferable to the more complex. Are there instances where the more complex explanation may be preferable to the simpler? Discuss.

8 1.8. Briefly discuss why using statistical methods to make causal statements about phenomena may be unrealistic and in most cases unattainable. Should the word “cause” be used at all in reference to nonexperimental social research?

9 1.9. Discuss why it is important to suspend one's beliefs about a subject such as applied statistics or mathematics in order to potentially learn more about it.

10 1.10. Statistical thinking is about relativity. Discuss what this statement means with reference to the pilot example, then by making up an example of your own.

11 1.11. Distinguish between experimental versus statistical control, and why understanding the distinction between them is important when interpreting a statistical model.

12 1.12. Distinguish between statistical versus physical effects and how the effect of a medication treating a wound might be considered different in nature from the correlation between intelligence and self‐esteem.

13 1.13. Distinguish between the domains of applied versus theoretical statistics.