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1 ¹ B.F. Skinner was a psychologist known for his theory of operant conditioning within the behaviorist tradition in psychology. One of Skinner’s primary investigatory tools was that of observing and recording the conditions that would lead a rat, pigeon, or other animal, to press a lever for a food pellet in a small chamber. This chamber came to be known as the Skinner box. For a read of Skinner, see Rutherford (2009) and Fancher and Rutherford (2011).

2 ² See Friendly (2000, pp. 208–211) for an analysis of the O‐ring data. See Vaughan (1996) for an account of the social, political, and managerial influences at NASA that were also purportedly responsible for the disaster.

3 ³ The reader is strongly encouraged to consult Kuhn’s excellent book The Structure of Scientific Revolutions in which an eminent philosopher of science argues for what makes some theories more longstanding than others and why some theories drop out of fashion. So‐called paradigm shifts are present in virtually all sciences. An awareness of such shifts can help one better put “theories of the day” into their proper context.