Читать книгу Social Psychology - Daniel W. Barrett - Страница 7

1  Preface

2  About the Author

3 Part I Foundations of Social Psychology1 | Introducing Social PsychologyThe Mystery of Romantic AttractionSocial Psychology Matters: Defining the FieldWhy Social Psychology?Social Psychology Is UniqueSocial Psychology and the Quest for Human NatureFree WillIndependenceRationalitySelf-Reflection 1.1: Do You Think You Have Free Will? (Part 1)Self-Reflection 1.2: Do You Think You Have Free Will? (Part 2)The SelfSocialityMoralityThe Evolving Nature of Social Psychology: Yesterday, Today, and TomorrowEarly Social Psychological StudiesThe First TextbooksA Creative Synthesis: The Mutual Influences of the Person and the SituationFurther Developments: The Multiple Causes of Social BehaviorEvolutionary FactorsContextual InfluencesIndividual FactorsSocial Psychology in EuropeEmerging TrendsIntegrating ExplanationsPrinciple Matters: Social Psychology’s Guiding PrinciplesPrinciple 1: Social Behavior Is PurposivePrinciple 2: Social Behavior Stems From Both Dispositional and Situational InfluencesPrinciple 3: Social Behavior Is Influenced by How People Construe SituationsPrinciple 4: Social Behavior Is CulturalScience Matters: Social Psychology Is a ScienceHindsight BiasScience Is Not What You ThinkDoing Research: An Introduction to Research MethodsResearch Matters: Beyond Lay TheoriesQuestions Matter: Good Questions and Good HypothesesTheory Matters: What Are Theories For?Final Thoughts: Social Psychology and Human Nature RevisitedCore ConceptsKey TermsThink Further!Suggested Readings2 | The Social BrainThe Case of Phineas GageWhat Is the Brain?Origins of the Social BrainSelf-Reflection 2.1: When a Picture IS Worth 1,000 Words (Part 1)Self-Reflection 2.2: When a Picture IS Worth 1,000 Words (Part 2)Anatomy of the BrainWhat Is a Neuron?Structures of the BrainPrefrontal CortexLimbic SystemInsulaThalamus and HypothalamusResearch Box 2.1: Moral Disgust and the Insula Hypothesis: The Perception of DisgustChromosomes, Genes, and DNADoing Research: Methods of Social NeuroscienceGalvanic Skin ResponseElectromyographyElectroencephalography (EEG) and Magnetoencephalography (MEG)Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI)Other MethodsMultimethodsSocial Neuroscience and the Fundamental QuestionsApplying Social Neuroscience to Law: Can fMRI Detect Lies?Free WillIndependenceRationalitySelfSocialityMoralityFinal Thoughts: Evolution, Brain Plasticity, and CultureCore ConceptsKey TermsThink Further!Suggested Readings

4 Part II Thinking About the Self and Others3 | Social CognitionBelieving Is SeeingThe Psychology of Social ThinkingAre People Different Than Things? The “Social” in Social CognitionThe Nature of Social CognitionUnderstanding Is Believing: How You Cannot NOT BelieveThe Dual Mind: Automatic and Controlled ProcessingPriming: Thinking and Doing Without KnowingSelf-Reflection 3.1: How Do You Feel About Robots? (Part 1)Self-Reflection 3.2: How Do You Feel About Robots? (Part 2)Free Will and the Dual MindHeuristics: Mental ShortcutsAvailabilityRepresentativenessAnchoring and AdjustmentResearch Box 3.1: Anchoring and AdjustmentDoing Research: Reliability and ValidityMotivated ReasoningBelief Perseverance: Believing When There Is no EvidenceConsidering the OppositeConfirmation BiasBiased Evaluation of InformationCulture and CognitionSocial Psychology Applied to Health: Stress and CopingFinal Thoughts: Free Will and Rationality RevisitedCore ConceptsKey TermsThink Further!Suggested Readings4 | What Is the Self?The Many “Me’s” of the SelfWhat Is the Self: The Self as Thinker and the ThoughtKnowing Oneself: The Self-ConceptSelf-Discrepancy Theory and Possible SelvesKnowing Who We Are: Introspection and Self-PerceptionIntrospectionSelf-PerceptionDoing Research: Questioning Self-Reports and SurveysEvaluating How We Are DoingSelf-EsteemSelf-EnhancementSelf-Reflection 4.1: Measuring Your Self-Esteem (Part 1)Self-Reflection 4.2: Measuring Your Self-Esteem (Part 2)Social Comparison: Looking Up and Looking DownFalse Consensus and False UniquenessSelf-Serving JudgmentsResearch Box 4.1. The Better-Than-Average EffectThe Bias Blind Spot: Being Biased About Being BiasedSelf-Presentation: Displaying OneselfSelf-MonitoringThe Spotlight Effect and the Illusion of TransparencyGetting Them to Like Me: IngratiationGetting Them to Appreciate Me: Self-PromotionSocial Psychology Applied to Work: Managing ImpressionsI Failed But I Am Still Competent! Self-HandicappingSelf-Regulation: Controlling OneselfSelf-Control Failure and Ironic ProcessesConfirming the Self: Self-VerificationA Clash of Motives?Final Thoughts: The Paradox of the SelfCore ConceptsKey TermsThink Further!Suggested Readings5 | Social Perception“Nice to Meet You. You’re Hired!” Job Interviews in SecondsImpression FormationEarly ResearchForming First ImpressionsThin SlicesBiases in Social PerceptionElectronic Person Perception: What Your Online Presentation Says About YouResearch Box 5.1. Implicit Personality TheoriesNonverbal Communication and Emotional ExpressionsEmotional Expressions: Universal or Culturally Specific?Recognizing HappinessEmotion Blends and DialectsDoing Research: The Challenges of Cross-Cultural StudiesDetecting DeceptionSelf-Reflection 5.1: Measuring Individualism/Collectivism (Part 1)Self-Reflection 5.2: Measuring Individualism/Collectivism (Part 2)Social Psychology Applied to Law: Catching LiarsHow Observations Can Fail Us: Four Cognitive Illusions: Control, Gambling, Shooting Streaks, and Imagined AssociationsIllusion of ControlGambler’s Fallacy and the Hot Hand IllusionIllusory CorrelationAttributions: Determining the Causes of BehaviorFinal Thoughts: Sex Categorization and Free WillCore ConceptsKey TermsThink Further!Suggested Readings

5 Part III Interpersonal Influence6 | Social InfluenceGood People Turning BadTypes of Social InfluenceSix Principles of Interpersonal InfluenceThe Principle of ReciprocityConformity and the Social Validation PrincipleResearch Box 6.1: Reciprocity and CultureTwo Types of Social NormsSocial Norms and ConformityConformity Across CulturesOther Factors Influencing ConformityNeuroscience and ConformityThe Neuroscience of ConformityObedience and the Authority PrincipleSelf-Reflection 6.1: Attitudes Toward Torture (Part 1)Self-Reflection 6.2: Attitudes Toward Torture (Part 2)Social Psychology Applied to Law: Coerced ConfessionsDoing Research: Deception and Ethics in ResearchNeed for DeceptionObedience in the 21st Century: Milgram RevisitedFactors Influencing the Power of AuthorityThe Power of the Situation Revisited: Culture, Gender, PersonalityFinal Thoughts: The Upsides of Compliance, Obedience, and ConformityCore ConceptsKey TermsThink Further!Suggested Readings7 | Attitudes and PersuasionWhen Prophecies FailThe Nature of AttitudesAttitude StructureThe Origins of AttitudesIndividual ExperiencesContextual InfluencesBiological FactorsTwo Routes to PersuasionCentral and Peripheral ProcessingHeuristic-Systematic ModelElements of PersuasionSource FactorsMessage FactorsAudience FactorsThe Effects of Attitudes on BehaviorThe Reasoned Action ApproachDoing Research: Measuring AttitudesSocial Psychology Applied to Health: Predicting Behavior ChangeDirect Self-Report MethodsIndirect MethodsFactors That Impact the Relationship Between Attitudes and BehaviorCognitive Consistency and the Effects of Behavior on AttitudesBalance TheoryAdvances in Dissonance TheoryResearch Box 7.1: The Neuroscience of Cognitive DissonanceSelf-Reflection 7.1: Preference for Consistency (Part 1)Self-Reflection 7.2: Preference for Consistency (Part 2)Final Thoughts: Resisting PersuasionCore ConceptsKey TermsThink Further!Suggested Readings

6 Part IV Moral Behavior8 | HelpingThe Nature of Helping BehaviorWhy We HelpOrigins of Helping BehaviorKin SelectionHeritabilityGroup SelectionReciprocityIndividual ExperiencesResearch Box 8.1: Prosocial Video Games and HelpingWhen Do We Help?Time PressureLocationMoodNegative State Relief ModelWeighing the Costs and Benefits of HelpingHelping in EmergenciesCharacteristics of EmergenciesFailure to HelpDoing Research: Safeguarding Research ParticipantsSocial Psychology Applied to Work: Organizational Citizenship on the JobThe Empathy-Altruism RelationshipNeuroscience of EmpathyEgoism Versus Altruism RevisitedPerson Factors Affecting HelpingAltruistic PersonalityGender and Helping: Who Helps More?Self-Reflection 8.1: How Prosocial Are You? (Part 1)Self-Reflection 8.2: How Prosocial Are You? (Part 2)Who Gets Helped?Helping Across CulturesFinal Thoughts: A Broader View of HelpingCore ConceptsKey TermsThink Further!Suggested Readings9 | AggressionMass ShootingsThe Nature of AggressionWhat Is Aggression?Forms of AggressionThe Origins of AggressionEvolutionary InfluencesGeneticsTestosteroneSerotoninBrain Structures and Executive FunctionIndividual ExperiencesMedia InfluenceWhen Do We Aggress?Frustration-Aggression HypothesisCognitive Neoassociationist TheoryContextual FactorsInterpersonal FactorsCultural InfluencesThe General Aggression ModelDoing Research: Archival Studies of Historical AggressionPerson Factors Affecting AggressionSelf-Reflection 9.1: How Aggressive Are You? (Part 1)Self-Reflection 9.2: How Aggressive Are You? (Part 2)Research Box 9.1: Can Alcohol Primes Increase Aggression?The Route to Aggression: From Inputs to OutputsOutputs: Appraisals, Decisions, and ActionsReducing AggressionSocial Psychology Applied to Work: Bullying on the JobFinal Thoughts: The Multiple Causes of AggressionCore ConceptsKey TermsThink Further!Suggested Readings

7 Part V Affiliative Behavior10 | Prejudice, Stereotyping, and DiscriminationAnti-Immigrant Attitudes Around the GlobeThe Nature of Prejudice, Stereotyping, and DiscriminationThe Three Waves of Research on RacisimTypes of RacismThe Origins of Prejudice, Stereotyping, and DiscriminationEvolutionary InfluencesBrain Structure and ProcessIndividual ExperiencesResearch Box 10.1: Facial Structure and PrejudiceSocial Identity TheoryContextual FactorsAutomatic Activation of StereotypesRealistic Group Conflict TheoryIntergroup Threat TheoryScapegoatingCultural InfluencesDoing Research: Measuring Implicit AttitudesAffective or Evaluative PrimingPerson FactorsCognitive BiasesIndividual DifferencesSelf-Reflection 10.1: How Egalitarian Are You? (Part 1)Self-Reflection 10.2: How Egalitarian Are You? (Part 2)The Content of Prejudice and StereotypesStereotype Content ModelSpecific Types of Intergroup BiasSexismOther FormsAccuracy of StereotypesThe Effects of Prejudice, Stereotyping, and DiscriminationDiscriminatory PracticesSocial Psychology Applied to Work: MicroaggressionsThreats to Self-Esteem and PerformanceThreats to Physical Well-BeingOvercoming Prejudice, Stereotyping, and DiscriminationFinal Thoughts: The Changing Landscape of PrejudiceCore ConceptsKey TermsThink Further!Suggested Readings11 | Affiliation and LoveFriends With BenefitsThe Nature of Affiliation and LoveSocial Psychology Applied to Health: The Importance of Being SocialContextual FactorsLikingProximityResearch Box 11.1: Sharing, Liking, and Group MembershipFamiliaritySimilarityWho Is Attractive?The Components of AttractivenessPerceived Benefits of Physical AttractivenessActual Benefits of Physical AttractivenessEvolutionary Perspective on Mate SelectionFurther Considerations on Mate SelectionSexual Selectivity and Sexual BehaviorRomantic JealousyWhat Is Love?Passionate and Companionate LoveTriangular Theory of LoveTwo-Factor TheorySelf-Reflection 11.1: How Passionate Is Your Relationship? (Part 1)Self-Reflection 11.2: How Passionate Is Your Relationship? (Part 2)An Evolutionary PerspectiveLove on the BrainSame-Sex AttractionAttachment StyleDoing Research: Examining Interpersonal RelationshipsRelationship SatisfactionPositive IllusionsSelf-DisclosureAttributionsSatisfaction Over TimeDating in the Virtual WorldFinal Thoughts: Does Facebook Make You Lonely?Core ConceptsKey TermsThink Further!Suggested Readings12 | Group ProcessesSports-Related RiotsThe Nature of GroupsWhat Is a Group?Why We Join GroupsKey Features of GroupsTypes of GroupsCohesivenessEntitativitySocial NormsRolesGroups and BehaviorGroups Can Improve Performance: Social FacilitationExplaining Social FacilitationGroups Can Degrade Performance: Social Loafing and Free RidingResearch Box 12.1: Social Facilitation in the Virtual WorldSolutions to Social Loafing and Free RidingSocial Loafing Across CulturesSelf-Reflection 12.1: How Much Do You Like Group Work? (Part 1)Self-Reflection 12.2: How Much Do You Like Group Work? (Part 2)Losing Oneself in the Group: DeindividuationGroup Decision-MakingShortcomings in Group Decisions: GroupthinkExamples of GroupthinkAntecedents and Symptoms of GroupthinkEvaluation of the Groupthink ModelPreventing GroupthinkGroup PolarizationBrainstormingDoing Research: Case StudiesMinority InfluenceSocial Psychology Applied to Law: Jury Decision-MakingLeadershipTypes of LeadersTheories of LeadershipGender and LeadershipFinal Thoughts: Crowd Wisdom and Smart MobsCore ConceptsKey TermsThink Further!Suggested Readings

8 Part VI Emerging Topics in Social Psychology13 | Three Emerging Trends: The Social Psychology of Happiness, Religion, and SustainabilityThe Intersection of Happiness, Religion, and SustainabilityThe Social Psychology of HappinessThe Nature of HappinessSelf-Reflection 13.1: Measuring Life Satisfaction (Part 1)Self-Reflection 13.2: Measuring Life Satisfaction (Part 2)The Antecedents and Benefits of HappinessContextual FactorsCulture and Subjective Well-beingPerson FactorsBenefits of HappinessImproving Your HappinessDoing Research: Generalizing to the Real WorldThe Social Psychology of ReligionThe Nature of Religious BeliefReligiousnessReligious OrientationThe Functions of ReligionOrigins and Benefits of Religious BeliefEvolutionary OriginsIndividual ExperiencesCultural InfluencesProsociality and PrejudiceProsocialityPrejudiceReligion, Mental Health, and HappinessSocial Psychology Applied to Health: Does Religion Make You Healthy?The Social Psychology of SustainabilityOur Environmental Crisis and How Social Psychology Can HelpResearch Box 13.1: Meditation, Mindfulness, and Life SatisfactionHow the Environment Affects Well-BeingSocial Dilemmas as Social TrapsTackling the ProblemPsychological Barriers to Implementing SolutionsFinal Thoughts: Subjective Well-Being and SustainabilityCore ConceptsKey TermsThink Further!Suggested Readings

9  Glossary

10  References

11  Author Index

12  Subject Index