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Table 1.2 identifies some target design parameters for airport applications, including voice, video, data, IoT, IoT‐based security (video surveillance), IoT‐based automation, and wayfinding. Two characteristics of airports are as follow: (i) people at the airport are in a “slave” situation typically with nothing to do but to use their electronic devices – this is unlike a stadium or a school where other events and occurrences take up some of the person's time, thus likely diminishing the connection time of the individuals; (ii) multiple automation M2M‐like tasks may be at play in the airport including baggage handling, wayfinding/mobility/movement, and security. HDC requirements continue to be active, even, or especially, in emergency cases (these requirements were instituted in early 2020 and continued to be active as of press time [12]) – one example of a challenging airport environment even as the pandemic was already raging, is illustrated in Figure 1.2. Typically, the visitor's public airport communication support is completely separate and walled‐off from the high‐security airport operations networks – the discussion and network design considered in this book focus on the former and not the latter, although similar technologies may be at play. Another characteristic is that, unlike stadiums, there is a nearly continuous requirement for connectivity, especially in large hub airports; stadiums are only used for relatively short periods a few times a week (once, less than once, or a few times a week). In addition to visitors, there are stationary concession businesses in the airport that would often make use of the same network infrastructure as the public network, although some administratively secure slice (for example, separate Virtual LANs [VLANs] would be used).

TABLE 1.2 HDC KPIs for Airports

Key Performance Indicators	Key Performance Indicators	Pre‐pandemic Requirements
Data/VoIP connection density, for people on smartphones, laptops, tablets	Data/VoIP connection density, for people on smartphones, laptops, tablets	1 per 20 ft2 in terminals
User experienced data rate	10–50 Mbps
Peak data rate	100 Mbps
Traffic volume density	5 Gbps per gate area (200 people per gate)
End‐to‐end latency	100 ms
Wayfinding	Throughout airport and in adjacent spaces, garages, car rental locations
Area of coverage	Entire airport and in adjacent spaces, garages, car rental locations
Traditional telephony on DAS systems	Dialtone	50 Erlangs per gate area (200 people per gate)
Call length	10 minutes per call
Connection density, IoT devices	Connection density, IoT devices	1 per 10 ft2 throughout airport
User experienced data rate	0.384 Mbps
Peak data rate	0.768 Mbps
Traffic volume density	100 Mbps per 1000 ft2 throughout airport and in adjacent spaces, garages, car rental locations
End‐to‐end latency	1–10 ms
Area of coverage	Entire airport and in adjacent spaces, garages, car rental locations

According to the National Plan of Integrated Airport Systems (NPIAS), there are approximately 19 700 airports in the United States. 5170 of these airports are open to the general public and 503 of them serve commercial flights. A typical gate area is 30 000 ft² (which would equate to an area of 40 × 75 ft); however, not all of that space is usable for sojourn (implying that some areas within the 30 000 ft² area may have a higher concentration of semi‐stationary users). If the busy hour concentration of people is 150 people, then there will be 1 person per 200 ft² (a 10 × 20 feet area); however, there may be overcrowding situations where the concentration is comparable to the design goals depicted in Table 1.2. See Table 1.3 for the top 30 airports in the United States. Internationally, the Beijing Capital International Airport (Chaoyang‐Shunyi, Beijing, China) is the second largest in the world, following the Hartsfield–Jackson Atlanta International Airport, with about 50 million passengers per year as of 2018; Tokyo Haneda Airport (Ōta, Tokyo, Japan) had 41 million passengers; Dubai International Airport (Garhoud, Dubai, United Arab Emirates) had 42 million passengers; and London Heathrow Airport (Hillingdon, London, United Kingdom) had 39 million passengers.

FIGURE 1.2 A gate area at Fort Lauderdale‐Hollywood International Airport is crowded with travelers awaiting Delta flight 1420 to Atlanta Saturday, 14 March 2020.

(Courtesy: John Scalzi, Photographer).