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A target of one million connections per square kilometer (also definable as 1 connection per m² or 1 connection every 10 ft²) appears appropriate. The KPI are comparable to those of Table 1.2 for both people and M2M/IoT functionality. Connectivity is to be supported for both the booth exhibitors (which sometimes can be rather complex) as well as the visiting public. Often there is also a video broadcasting function among specialized media outlets that may need to be supported. Since visitors are engaged with the goings‐on in the exhibit, the connectivity requirements may be somewhat diffused during those time slots. Connectivity may coincide with extended business hours.

TABLE 1.3 Top US Airports – Actual and Heuristic Data Shown

Rank (2018)	Airports (Large Hubs)	Major City Served, State	2018 Passengers (in M) (Approx.)	Ave Daily (365 days)	Busy Hour (0.05,0.1,0.2,0.1,0.2,0.1,0.2,0.05)	Gates	Ave People per Gate at BH
1	Hartsfield–Jackson Atlanta International Airport	Atlanta, GA	52	142 100	28 420	192	148
2	Los Angeles International Airport	Los Angeles, CA	43	116 786	23 357	128	182
3	O'Hare International Airport	Chicago, IL	40	109 246	21 849	191	114
4	Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport	Dallas, TX	33	89 865	17 973	182	99
5	Denver International Airport	Denver, CO	31	85 928	17 186	111	155
6	John F. Kennedy International Airport	New York, NY	31	83 675	16 735	128	131
7	San Francisco International Airport	San Francisco, CA	28	76 148	15 230	115	132
8	Seattle–Tacoma International Airport	Seattle, WA	25	68 204	13 641
9	McCarran International Airport	Las Vegas, NV	24	64 809	12 962
10	Orlando International Airport	Orlando, FL	23	63 520	12 704
11	Newark Liberty International Airport	Newark/New York, NJ	23	62 461	12 492
12	Charlotte Douglas International Airport	Charlotte, NC	22	61 051	12 210
13	Phoenix Sky Harbor International Airport	Phoenix, AZ	22	59 243	11 849
14	George Bush Intercontinental Airport	Houston, TX	21	57 967	11 593
15	Miami International Airport	Miami, FL	21	57 603	11 521
16	Logan International Airport	Boston, MA	20	54 823	10 965
17	Minneapolis–Saint Paul International Airport	Minneapolis/St. Paul, MN	18	50 311	10 062
18	Fort Lauderdale–Hollywood International Airport	Fort Lauderdale, FL	17	48 257	9651
19	Detroit Metropolitan Airport	Detroit, MI	17	47 775	9555
20	Philadelphia International Airport	Philadelphia, PA	15	41 879	8376
21	LaGuardia Airport	New York, NY	15	41 259	8252
22	Baltimore–Washington International Airporta	Baltimore/Washington, MD	13.373	36 640	7328	75	98
23	Salt Lake City International Airport	Salt Lake City, UT	12	33 503	6701
24	San Diego International Airport	San Diego, CA	12	33 360	6672
25	Dulles International Airport	Washington, DC, VA	12	31 858	6372
26	Reagan National Airport	Washington, DC, VA	11	31 143	6229
27	Midway International Airport	Chicago, IL	11	29 276	5855
28	Tampa International Airport	Tampa, FL	10	28 410	5682
29	Portland International Airport	Portland, OR	10	26 864	5373
30	Daniel K. Inouye International Airport	Honolulu, HI	9	26 242	5248

Note: during 2020, most airports in the United States experienced a 60% drop in passengers. Travel was expected to improve during the second half of 2021 and beyond.

^a Size: 3596.3 acres. Passenger Terminal: 2.423 million ft²; 5 concourses (4 domestic, 1 international/swing); 73 jet gates, 2 gates dedicated to commuter aircraft; square footage per gate: 32 306 ft².

TABLE 1.4 Largest US Football Stadiums

Rank	Stadium	Seating Capacity	Location
1	Michigan Stadium	115 000	Ann Arbor, Michigan
2	Beaver Stadium	111 000	University Park, Pennsylvania
3	Kyle Field	111 000	College Station, Texas
4	Ohio Stadium	110 000	Columbus, Ohio
5	Neyland Stadium	109 000	Knoxville, Tennessee
6	Rose Bowl	107 000	Pasadena, California
7	AT&T Stadium	105 000	Arlington, Texas
8	Darrell K Royal–Texas Memorial Stadium	104 000	Austin, Texas
9	Tiger Stadium	102 000	Baton Rouge, Louisiana
10	Bryant–Denny Stadium	102 000	Tuscaloosa, Alabama

TABLE 1.5 Top Convention Centers in the United States

Center	Location	Exhibition Space, Approx. (ft2)	Total Space, Approx. (ft2)
McCormick Place	Chicago, Illinois	2 700 000	9 000 000
Orange County Convention Center	Orlando, Florida	2,100 000	7 000 000
Georgia World Congress Center (GWCC)	Atlanta, Georgia	1 500 000	4 000 000
Las Vegas Convention Center	Las Vegas, Nevada	2,200 000	3,200 000
New Orleans Morial Convention Center	New Orleans, Louisiana	1,100 000	3,100 000
America's Center	St. Louis, Missouri	500 000	2 700 000
San Diego Convention Center	San Diego, California	600 000	2,600 000
TCF/Cobo Center	Detroit, Michigan	720 000	2 400 000
Walter E. Washington Convention Center	Washington, DC	700 000	2 300 000
Sands Expo and Convention Center	Las Vegas, Nevada	940 000	2 300 000

Some events comprise both a set of lecture sessions and exhibit sessions. When lecture sessions are underway, the connectivity requirements (specifically, the traffic volume density) may be low or lower; however, when the sessions wrap up, there may be a pulse‐shaped traffic requirement where a large number of participants all want to make phone calls or access the Internet.

There are about 310 convention centers in the United States of various sizes, 50 of which have more than 200 000 ft² of total space. See Table 1.5 for the top 10 convention centers in the United States. For example, the largest US convention center is the McCormick Place in Chicago, Illinois, with 9 million ft² of space and 2.7 million ft² of exhibition space. The exhibit space generally tends to be one‐half to one‐third of the total space.