Читать книгу Disaster Response and Recovery - David A. McEntire - Страница 68
KEY TERMS
ОглавлениеAgent‐generated demands | The needs made evident by the hazard (e.g., problems resulting from the disaster agent itself). |
Atmospheric hazards | A hazard agent that is produced in or by the earth’s atmosphere. |
Biological hazards | Agents that spread disease or are otherwise harmful to life. |
Civil/conflict hazards | Hazards resulting from panic flight, riots, mass shootings, terrorism and war. |
Compound hazards | Multiple hazards that react to each other in chaotic fashion. |
Disasters | Deadly, destructive, and disruptive events that occur when a hazard (or multiple hazards) interacts with human vulnerability. |
Emergency management | From an academic standpoint, “the study of how humans and their institutions deal with hazards, vulnerabilities and the events that result from their interaction.” From a practical perspective, “the managerial function charged with creating the framework within which communities reduce vulnerability to hazards and cope with disasters.” |
Emergency managers | Public servants that help jurisdictions reduce the liabilities that lead to disasters. They also help built community disaster capabilities. |
Enhanced Fujita Scale | A scale used to categorize the size of a tornado, including the affiliated wind speed. |
Environmental hazards | Agents that involve the degradation of the environment, such as pollution, that pose a risk to people’s health and well‐being. |
First responders | Public safety personnel such as police officers, fire‐fighters and emergency medical technicians. |
Geologic hazards | Hazard agents associated with the earth’s soil and rock. |
Hazard | A physical, technological, or intentional agent such as an earthquake, industrial explosion, or terrorist bombing. |
Heat index | Incorporates both temperature and humidity into a scale to help warn people to stay inside and drink lots of water. |
Homeland security | “A concerted national effort to prevent terrorist attacks within the United States, reduce America’s vulnerability to terrorism, and recover from and minimize the damage of attacks that do occur.” |
Hydrologic hazards | Hazard agents that occur with the earth’s water systems. |
Industrial hazards | Hazards produced by the extraction, creation, distribution, storage, use, and disposal of chemicals. |
Mercalli scale | A scale used to describe the physical observation of damages that result from the movement of the earth’s crust (e.g., broken windows, cracked walls, falling pictures, etc.) |
Mitigation | Risk reduction, loss minimization, or the alleviation of potential negative impacts associated with disasters. |
Mitigation‐generated demands | The desire to learn from the disaster and avoid making similar mistakes in the future. |
Na‐tech hazards | A combination of natural–technological hazards. |
Natural hazards | Those events originating from the physical environment, typically because of radiation from the sun, heat flow within the earth, or the force of gravity. |
Normalcy‐generated demands | The pressures to get things back to pre‐disaster conditions. |
Nuclear hazards | A hazard resulting from the presence of radioactive material. |
Pathogens | Organisms that spread disease which may include anthrax, smallpox, plague, hemorrhagic fever, and rickettsia. |
Preparedness | Efforts to increase readiness for disaster response and recovery operations. |
Preparedness‐generateddemands | Expectations that the mistakes made evident in response and recovery will not be repeated in the future. Improvements in planning and the allocation of additional resources fall into this category. |
Prevention | Refers to actions to stop the occurrence of terrorist attacks and includes the gathering of intelligence, counterterrorism operations, and border control functions. |
Protection | Refers to actions that discourage attacks through increased security measures or effor to minimize damage if such attacks cannot be prevented in the first place. The reliance on guards, fences, video surveillance, and access control falls into this category. |
Recovery | Activity to return the affected community to pre‐disaster or, preferably, improved conditions. |
Richter scale | A measurement of the registered shaking amplitudes of an earthquake. |
Resilience | The ability to react effectively and efficiently in time of disaster. |
Response | Activity in the immediate aftermath of a disaster to protect life and property. |
Response‐generated demands | The needs that are made evident as individuals, organizations, and communities attempt to meet agent‐generated demands. |
Riots | Large disturbances where people engage in antisocial behavior. |
Saffir–Simpson scale | A descriptive tool to explain the magnitude of a hurricane in terms of wind and storm surge. |
Seismic hazards | Hazard agents produced by the movement of tectonic plates that float on magma. |
straight‐line winds | strong winds that travel down to the ground and then move horizontally along the earth’s surface. |
Structural collapse hazards | Hazards that occur when gravity and poor engineering result in the failure of buildings, roads, or other construction projects. |
Technological hazards | Hazard agents related to industry, structures, hazardous materials, computers, and transportation systems. |
Terrorism | The threat or use of violence to intimidate someone or a government. |
Toxins | Poisons created by plants and animals. |
Transportation hazards | An accident that occurs in the air, on roads or railways, or at sea. |
Vulnerability | Proneness to disasters or the inability of individuals, organizations, and communities to prevent them or deal with them effectively. |
Wildfire hazards | Hazards that result from lightning strikes, which can quickly envelop hundreds of acres of forest and brush. |