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A very large number of clinical trials with human subjects have been conducted in a wide variety of contexts. Many of these have been concerned, for example, with improving (in some way) the management of patients with disease and others the prevention of the disease or condition in the first place. The essence of a clinical trial is the comparison of a standard strategy with an alternative (perhaps novel) intervention. The aim of this chapter is to illustrate some of the wide variety of clinical trials that have been conducted and to highlight some key features of their design, conduct and analysis.