Читать книгу Packaging Technology and Engineering - Dipak Kumar Sarker - Страница 16

Andreas Bernhardt began wrapping products in paper and waxed paper for water retention stamped with his name and identification in Germany in 1551. Packaging uses and requirements have changed a lot in the modern era and most spectacularly over the last 150 or so years of purpose‐crafted commercial containment. The diversity of past packaging can be seen in Figure 1.1, with examples of flint, amber, green, and blue glass pharmaceutical sample bottles and a range of aluminium cans, paper, card, and pottery primary and secondary packaging. Some of the samples in Figure 1.1 date from the 1960s and 1970s but others date back to the Victorian and Edwardian periods (1870s–1900s). The sometimes perceived as ‘modern‐era’ plastics industry actually started with John Wesley Hyatt, who invented modified cellulose in 1869, and, Leo Hendrik Baekeland, who invented resinous early plastic in 1907 in the USA. Other product examples include the ubiquitous tobacco snuff box (Mander Brothers) of the 1800s, the Beechams pills carton (UK) of the Victorian era in the 1840s, and the Lyons loose tea can (Ireland) and Laymon's aspirin tin (USA) of the Edwardian era in the 1900s. The more familiar forms of plastic containment that first appeared in the 1950s–1970s include the detergent and – the now infamous – mass‐produced carbonated drinks polyethylene terephthalate (PET) bottle. The tin can means of excluding air, light, and water for tea leaves is still used by many companies such as Jin Jun Mei (China), Whittard (UK), Tafelgut (Germany), and Twinings (UK), as part of a value‐adding marketing tool and for protection of delicate flavours and volatile oils. The sea‐change position of the use of tin‐plated steel (tinplate) and the tin can as a standard form of packaging will be discussed in Chapter 3.