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Although the vast majority of networks now use Ethernet and TCP/IP, a few other networking protocols are still in use and are therefore worth knowing about. In particular:

 Network Basic Input/Output System (NetBIOS): The basic application programming interface for network services on Windows computers. It’s installed automatically when you install TCP/IP, but doesn’t show up as a separate protocol when you view the network connection properties (refer to Figure 1-1). NetBIOS is a session layer protocol that can work with transport layer protocols, such as TCP, SPX, or NetBEUI.

 Network BIOS Extended User Interface (NetBEUI): A transport layer protocol designed for early IBM and Microsoft networks. NetBEUI is now considered obsolete.

 IPX/SPX: A protocol suite made popular in the 1980s by Novell for use with its NetWare servers. TCP/IP has become so dominant that IPX/SPX is rarely used now.

 AppleTalk: An obsolete suite of network protocols introduced by Apple in the 1980s and finally abandoned in 2009. The AppleTalk suite included a physical and data link layer protocol called LocalTalk, but could also work with standard lower-level protocols, including Ethernet and token ring.

 Systems Network Architecture (SNA): An IBM networking architecture dating back to the 1970s, when mainframe computers roamed the earth and PCs had barely emerged from the primordial computer soup. SNA was designed primarily to support huge terminals such as airline reservations and banking systems, with tens of thousands of terminals attached to central host computers. Now that IBM mainframes that support TCP/IP and mainframe terminal systems have all but vanished, SNA is beginning to fade away. Still, many networks that incorporate mainframe computers have to contend with SNA.