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Electronic projects such as the ones you learn about in this book typically follow this predictable sequence of general steps from start to finish:

1 Decide what you want to build.Before you can design or build an electronic project, you must have a solid idea in mind for what you expect the project to do, what you want it to look like, and how human beings will interact with it.

2 Design the circuit.After you’ve settled on what you want to build, you need to design an electronic circuit that gets the job done. The end result of this step is a schematic diagram.

3 Build a prototype.Before you invest the time and materials needed to build a permanent circuit, it’s a good idea to first build a prototype, which lets you quickly test the circuit to make sure it works. Usually, you build the prototype on a solderless breadboard.

4 Build a permanent circuit.When your prototype is working, you can build a permanent version of the circuit. Usually, you build the permanent version by soldering components onto a printed circuit board.

5 Finish the project.To finish the project, you mount the circuit board along with any other necessary components such as batteries, switches, or light-emitting diodes in a suitable enclosure.

The remaining sections in this chapter describe each of these steps in greater detail.