Читать книгу Introduction to Solid State Physics for Materials Engineers - Emil Zolotoyabko - Страница 4

1 Chapter 1Figure 1.1 High-resolution scanning transmission electron microscopy image o...Figure 1.2 Structural motifs in silicon dioxide (SiO₂): (a) – ordered atomic...Figure 1.3 Dense filling of 2D space by spatially ordered, though non-period...Figure 1.4 Dense filling of 2D space by regular geometrical figures.Figure 1.5 Dodecahedron sculpted by 12 pentagonal faces.Figure 1.6 Icosahedron sculpted by 20 triangular faces.Figure 1.7 Regular pentagon with edges equal a_p and diagonals equal d_p. The ...Figure 1.8 Unit cells of the following side-centered Bravais lattices: A-typ...Figure 1.9 Unit cells of the following centered Bravais lattices: (a) face-c...Figure 1.10 Lattice translations (red arrows) in the rhombohedral setting of...Figure 1.11 The presence of inversion center (C) in diamond structure (a) an...Figure 1.12 Illustration of the Biot–Savart law (Eq. (1.7)).Figure 1.13 Illustration of the wave scattering in a periodic medium.Figure 1.14 Sketch of a crystal plane, normal to the vector of reciprocal la...Figure 1.15 Graphical interrelation between wavevectors of the incident (k_i)...Figure 1.16 The traces of isoenergetic surfaces (red curves) in reciprocal s...Figure 1.17 Illustration of the restrictions imposed by translational symmet...Figure 1.18 Illustration of the simultaneous appearance of several high-orde...Figure 1.19 Illustration of twin formation in monoclinic lattice via mirror ...Figure 1.20 Illustration of twin formation in orthorhombic lattice via mirro...

2 Chapter 2Figure 2.1 Dispersion curve, E(k), for electron waves in a crystal. Disconti...Figure 2.2 Extended zone scheme.Figure 2.3 Reduced zone scheme.Figure 2.4 Wigner–Seitz construction (in red). Lattice nodes are indic...Figure 2.5 Presentation of fcc (a) and bcc (b) lattices in a rhombohedral se...Figure 2.6 3D shapes of the first Brillouin zone: (a) – the truncated octahe...Figure 2.7 Definitions of a metal, a semiconductor, and an insulator via the...Figure 2.8 The location of a Fermi level in a monovalent metal.Figure 2.9 Band structure of divalent Mg metal.Figure 2.10 3D lattices of cubic diamond (a) and hexagonal graphite (b).Figure 2.11 Hexagonal prism, comprising three unit cells of a graphite struc...Figure 2.12 Honeycomb-like graphene lattice composed of two sublattices colo...Figure 2.13 Reciprocal lattice of graphene with its first Brillouin zone (BZ...Figure 2.14 Illustration of electron hopping between graphene sublattices (c...Figure 2.15 Energy profiles between selected points in reciprocal space mark...Figure 2.16 3D structure of energy bands near the K-points in graphene.Figure 2.17 Examples of Fermi surfaces in selected metals: monovalent fcc Cu...Figure 2.18 Fermi surfaces in monovalent Na (a) and Cs (b), as well as in di...Figure 2.19 Individual electron orbit with respect to the Fermi surface.Figure 2.20 Scheme of the Azbel-Kaner cyclotron resonance.Figure 2.21 Illustration to the de Haas-van Alphen resonance conditions upon...

3 Chapter 3Figure 3.1 Linear chain of the equidistantly positioned atoms of mass, M.Figure 3.2 Dispersion laws for acoustic waves in a discrete periodic chain (...Figure 3.3 Linear chain composed of two different types of atoms of mass M₁ ...Figure 3.4 Elastic wave frequencies, as functions of wavevector, q, for acou...Figure 3.5 Lattice heat capacity, C_v, showing saturation (the Dulong–Petit...Figure 3.6 Schematic presentation of two contributions to X-ray diffraction ...Figure 3.7 Scheme of a triple-axis neutron diffractometer: 1, source of ther...Figure 3.8 Scheme of a time-of-flight (TOF) neutron spectrometer: 1, source ...Figure 3.9 There is no thermal expansion in harmonic approximation.Figure 3.10 Illustration of thermal expansion due to lattice anharmonicity....Figure 3.11 Mutual orientation of the three orthogonal polarizations in acou...

4 Chapter 4Figure 4.1 Fermi–Dirac distribution (4.16) at T = 0 (solid blue curve)...Figure 4.2 Illustration of the electrical resistivity calculations.Figure 4.3 Energy diagrams, illustrating the derivation of the Fermi-Dirac d...

5 Chapter 5Figure 5.1 Only free electrons, having energy within an interval ∼k_BT ...Figure 5.2 Illustration of the delta function-like derivative (red curve) of...Figure 5.3 Scheme illustrating the working principle of a thermocouple.Figure 5.4 The last 25 years of progress in increasing the ZT record magnitu...Figure 5.5 The structure of skutterudite, CoAs₃. Purple and yellow balls rep...Figure 5.6 Crystal structure of half-Heusler alloys. The atoms marked as X, ...

6 Chapter 6Figure 6.1 Structure types of typical semiconductors showing tetrahedral ato...Figure 6.2 Energy scheme of an intrinsic semiconductor. A small amount of th...Figure 6.3 The position of the Fermi level in an intrinsic semiconductor is ...Figure 6.4 Schematic illustration of the n-doped semiconductor: the four-val...Figure 6.5 Energy scheme of the n-doped semiconductor. The Fermi level is lo...Figure 6.6 Schematic illustration of the p-doped semiconductor: the four-val...Figure 6.7 Energy scheme of the p-doped semiconductor. The Fermi level is lo...Figure 6.8 Schematic illustration of charge distribution across a p-n juncti...Figure 6.9 Band bending near a p–n junction.Figure 6.10 Potential energy function, W(x), across a p–n junction: for elec...Figure 6.11 Sketch, indicating the opposite directions of the internal, , a...Figure 6.12 I(U) characteristic of a p–n junction.Figure 6.13 Illustration of a p–n junction functioning as a diode.Figure 6.14 Illustration of the transistor effect obtained using a p–n junct...Figure 6.15 Scheme of a bipolar junction transistor.Figure 6.16 Scheme of a junction field-effect transistor (JFET).Figure 6.17 Illustration of the FET working principle. The letters S, G, and...Figure 6.18 Schematic design of a MOSFET.Figure 6.19 Schematics of a MOSFET working device: (a) no electric field; (b...Figure 6.20 Illustration to the calculation of the exciton radius and bindin...

7 Chapter 7Figure 7.1 Illustration of the image charge method applied to the work funct...Figure 7.2 Graphical presentation of function (7.5).Figure 7.3 Energy scheme illustrating the concept of a work function.Figure 7.4 APRES measurement scheme.Figure 7.5 Changing the potential barrier for electron emission by applying ...Figure 7.6 Illustration of the basic principle that stands behind the work o...Figure 7.7 Energy schemes for a material being in contact with a vacuum: (a)...Figure 7.8 Illustration of the contact potential (ϕ₀) concept.Figure 7.9 Illustration of band bending near the metal-semiconductor junctio...Figure 7.10 I–U characteristic of a Schottky diode.Figure 7.11 Illustration of the image charge method applied for calculating ...Figure 7.12 Diagram illustrating the photon-electron interaction leading to ...

8 Chapter 8Figure 8.1 Coordinate system used for the skin-effect calculations. The meta...Figure 8.2 Direction of the Poynting vector with respect to the light waveve...Figure 8.3 Application of Snell's law to light refraction in: (a) – righ...Figure 8.4 The action of a convex lens produced with conventional RH (a) and...Figure 8.5 Illustration with light focusing by a flat plate built of LH mate...Figure 8.6 Principal scheme of the split-ring resonator. The letter, C, indi...Figure 8.7 Illustration of the “invisible cloak” effect on propagating wave ...Figure 8.8 Illustration of light interference during its scattering within a...Figure 8.9 Illustration of the negative effective mass density in acoustic m...Figure 8.10 Schematics of the Helmholtz resonator.Figure 8.11 Scheme of the double “C” resonator (a) and membrane resonator (b...

9 Chapter 9Figure 9.1 The movement of light-induced electrons and holes across a p–n-ju...Figure 9.2 Sketch illustrating the working principle of the Grätzel cel...Figure 9.3 Energy scheme for the light/charge current conversion in the Grät...Figure 9.4 Main structural motifs in the RP phases: (a) – Sr₂RuO₄ (n = 1) an...Figure 9.5 Schematic design of the silicon drift detector.Figure 9.6 An increase in the energy gap between mini-bands in the InAs/GaP ...Figure 9.7 Schematic presentation of the repeating block within the InAs/GaS...Figure 9.8 Sketch of a metal-oxide-semiconductor (MOS) capacitor.Figure 9.9 Sketch illustrating the working principle of a CCD. Note that for...Figure 9.10 Illustration of the LED action.Figure 9.11 The three-level scheme widely used for the stimulated light emis...Figure 9.12 Schematic illustration of the semiconductor laser principle.Figure 9.13 Schematic illustration of a photonic structure with periodic mod...

10 Chapter 10Figure 10.1 Kamerlingh-Onnes' original data showing the sudden drop to z...Figure 10.2 Isotope effect in superconductivity: An increase of for lighte...Figure 10.3 Energy scheme in the contact region between two normal metals: W...Figure 10.4 Energy scheme in the contact region between normal (N) and super...Figure 10.5 Schematic current (I) – voltage (in units of eU) characteristics...Figure 10.6 Schematic illustration of the tunneling conditions between two s...Figure 10.7 Current (I) – voltage (in units of eU) characteristic for electr...Figure 10.8 Schematic illustration of the Meissner effect: (a) – Expelling t...Figure 10.9 Schematic illustration of a superconducting quantum interference...Figure 10.10 Slow progress (blue points) in increasing critical temperature,...Figure 10.11 Main structural motif of orthorhombic YBa₂Cu₃O₇ (YBCO), reveali...Figure 10.12 Illustration to the calculation of the critical magnetic field ...

11 Chapter 11Figure 11.1 Orientational distribution of atomic magnetic moments in paramag...Figure 11.2 Langevin function, L(x) (11.7), showing saturation at large valu...Figure 11.3 Normalized spontaneous magnetization (order parameter), as a fun...Figure 11.4 Illustration to the one-dimensional Ising model.Figure 11.5 Schematic presentation of ferromagnetic (a), antiferromagnetic (...Figure 11.6 Illustration to super-exchange in MnO.Figure 11.7 Schematic illustration to the arising of the energy-consuming ma...Figure 11.8 Illustration to the domain wall formation as a result of ferroma...Figure 11.9 Magnetization curves in iron crystal when magnetic field is appl...Figure 11.10 An example of the magnetic hysteresis loop, which is characteri...Figure 11.11 Typical hysteresis loops in soft (a) and hard (b) ferromagnetic...Figure 11.12 Schematics of the magnetic tunnel junction (MTJ): (a) – high-re...Figure 11.13 Magnetic moment of a circular current, I_e.Figure 11.14 Energy scheme illustrating the physical origin of paramagnetism...Figure 11.15 Orientations of local magnetic moments within the Bloch domain ...Figure 11.16 Orientations of local magnetic moments within the Néel dom...

12 Chapter 12Figure 12.1 Original data of Valasek showing polarization reversal in Rochel...Figure 12.2 The structure of cubic BaTiO₃ (perovskite structure): Ba, black ...Figure 12.3 Schematic presentation of two polarization states in the double-...Figure 12.4 Cubic equation, y = x3 + ux + v...Figure 12.5 Schematic illustration of the 180°-domain coexistence with anti-...Figure 12.6 Domain wall (black solid line) separating two 180°-domains in Ba...Figure 12.7 Domain wall (black solid line) separating two 90°-domains in BaT...Figure 12.8 Schematic illustration of the structural misfit between unit cel...Figure 12.9 Schematic illustration of the arrangement of slightly deformed u...Figure 12.10 Scheme of a SAW device consisting of input and output interdigi...Figure 12.11 Illustration of the working principle of the SAW-based Bragg re...Figure 12.12 Scheme of the ferroelectric FET transistor. An electric current...

13 Chapter 13Figure 13.1 Illustration of charge particle re-distribution leading to the s...Figure 13.2 Scheme of classical Hall measurements.Figure 13.3 Hall resistivity measured at constant B-magnitude via Hall volta...Figure 13.4 Hall resistivity measurements in GaAs-AlGaAs heterostructures at...Figure 13.5 Schematic illustration of the quantum Hall topological state rev...Figure 13.6 An idealized band structure of a topological insulator. The Ferm...Figure 13.7 Schematic illustration of the quantum spin Hall topological stat...Figure 13.8 Illustration of the Bohr model applied to the hydrogen-like atom...